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30 Useful French Essay Phrases
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BY Frederic Bibard
Last Updated: August 29, 2022
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Are you struggling to write essays in French? In this article, I have shared a list of 30 useful French transition words and phrases that will help you create more sophisticated written arguments for your exam (at school or for DELF exam) or just simply write an essay in French!
I also offer an extended version of this blog post, (57 French phrases instead of just 30) saved as a PDF which you can print for daily use. Click on the button below.
Let me know which you find the most useful for you in the comments section.
P.S: Do not hesitate to share this article on Facebook or Twitter.
Related to the topic on French Transition Words and Essay Phrases
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About the author
Frederic Bibard
Frederic Bibard is the founder of Talk in French, a company that helps french learners to practice and improve their french. Macaron addict. Jacques Audiard fan. You can contact him on Instagram
Extremely useful for conducting business without sounding like a beginner.
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Simply because you already signed-up to the newsletter. It’s already included in the French Learning Package please check the link shared before.
this is very helpfull to me……tnx
yes truly very helpful, damn you commented 8 years ago I doubt you are gonna see this but I totally agree with you. got my gcses tmr
this is a great website i feel proud and confident sharing this with my children. MUCH LUv pip pip cherio
your children are probably all grown up now and i doubt that u are gonna see this but I’m 15, have my gcse`s tomorrow and this really helped me
Thanks a lot. I am preparing for A1 examination in December 2016. This is very helpful for me.
Je vous en prie. Bonne chance pour votre exam.
this helped so much in gcses
it is much helpful for the students.
Wow this is so helpful! Just subscribed to your newsletter and found amazing content. Thankyou SO SO much!
Thx! Merci !
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How to Write an Excellent French Essay (Resources Included)
Tips to write an excellent french essay.
Writing essays is challenging enough, but when you are asked to write a French essay, you are not only being asked to write in a foreign language, but to follow the conventions of another linguistic and literary tradition. Like essay-writing in any language, the essential part of writing a French essay is to convey your thoughts and observations on a certain topic in a clear and concise manner. French essays do come out of a certain tradition that is part of the training of all students who attend school in France – or at least secondary school – and when you are a French essay, it is important to be aware of this tradition.
The French philosopher Michel de Montaigne is credited with popularizing the essay form as a literary genre. His work, Essais, first published in 1580, and undergoing several subsequent publications before his death in 1592, covers a wide breadth of topics, ranging from “amitié” to “philosopher c’est apprendre à mourir”, and includes many literary references, as well as personal anecdotes. The name for this genre, essai, is the nominal form of the verb essayer, “to attempt”. We have an archaic English verb essay, meaning the same thing. The limerick that includes the phrase, “... when she essayed to drink lemonade ...” indicates an attempt to drink a beverage and has nothing to do with writing about it. But the writing form does illustrate an attempt to describe a topic in depth with the purpose of developing new insights on a particular text or corpus.
French instructors are very specific about what they would like when they ask for an essay, meaning that they will probably specify whether they would like an explication de texte, commentaire composé, or dissertation. That last essay form should not be confused with the document completed for a doctorate in anglophone countries – this is called a thèse in French, by the way. There are different formats for each of these types of essay, and different objectives for each written form.
Types of Essay
1. l’explication de texte.
An explication de texte is a type of essay for which you complete a close reading. It is usually written about a poem or a short passage within a larger work. This close reading will elucidate different themes and stylistic devices within the text. When you are completing an explication de texte, make sure to follow the structure of the text as you complete a close examination of its form and content. The format for an explication de texte consists of:
i. An introduction, in which you situate the text within its genre and historical context. This is where you can point out to your readers the general themes of the text, its form, the trajectory of your reading, and your approach to the text.
ii. The body, in which you develop your ideas, following the structure of the text. Make sure you know all of the meanings of the words used, especially the key terms that point to the themes addressed by the author. It is a good idea to look words up in the dictionary to find out any second, third, and fourth meanings that could add to the themes and forms you describe. Like a student taking an oral examination based on this type of essay writing, you will be expected to have solid knowledge of the vocabulary and grammatical structures that appear in the text. Often the significance of the language used unfolds as you explain the different components of theme, style, and composition.
iii. A conclusion, in which you sum up the general meaning of the text and the significance of the figures and forms being used. You should also give the implications of what is being addressed, and the relevance of these within a larger literary, historical, or philosophical context.
NB: If you are writing about a poem, include observations on the verse, rhyme schemes, and meter. It is a good idea to refer to a reference work on versification. If you are writing about a philosophical work, be familiar with philosophical references and definitions of concepts.
Caveat: Refrain from paraphrasing. Instead show through careful analysis of theme, style, and composition the way in which the main ideas of the text are conveyed.
2. Le commentaire composé
A commentaire composé is a methodologically codified commentary that focuses on themes in a particular text. This type of essay develops different areas of reflection through analytical argument. Such argumentation should clarify the reading that you are approaching by presenting components of the text from different perspectives. In contrast to the explication de texte, it is organized thematically rather than following the structure of the text to which it refers. The format for a commentaire composé consists of:
i. An introduction, in which you present the question you have come up with, often in relation to a prompt commenting on a thematic or stylistic aspect of the text, such as “Montrez en quoi ce texte évoque l’amour courtois” or “Qu’apporte l’absence de la ponctuation dans ce texte ?” In this section, you will be expected to delineate your approach to the text and illustrate the trajectory of your ideas so that your readers will have a clear idea of the direction these ideas will take.
ii. A tripartite body, in which you explore the question you have come up with, citing specific examples in the text that are especially pertinent to the areas of reflection you wish to explore. These citations should be explained and connected to the broad themes of your commentary, all the while providing details that draw the readers’ attention to your areas of inquiry. These different areas of inquiry may initially seem disparate or even contradictory, but eventually come together to form a harmonious reading that addresses different aspects of the text. The more obvious characteristics of the text should illuminate its subtler aspects, which allows for acute insight into the question that you are in the process of exploring.
iii. A conclusion, in which you evaluate your reading and synthesize its different areas of inquiry. This is where you may include your own opinions, but make sure that the preceding sections of your commentaire remain analytical and supported by evidence that you find in the text.
NB: Looking at verb tenses, figures of speech, and other aspects that contribute to the form of the text will help situate your reader, as will commenting on the register of language, whether this language is ornate, plain, reflects a style soutenu, or less formal patterns of speech.
Caveat: Quotations do not replace observations or comments on the text. Explain your quotations and situate them well within your own text.
3. La dissertation
The dissertation is a personal, organized, and methodical reflection on a precise question that refers to a corpus of writing. Referring to this corpus, you may be asked questions along the lines of “Que pensez-vous de l’équivalence entre l’amour et la chanson exprimée dans ces textes ?” or “Est-ce que la sagesse et la folie ont les mêmes sources?” This type of essay allows for an exploration of a question through knowledge of a corpus as well as through an individual’s cultural knowledge. The format for a dissertation consists of:
i. An introduction, in which you present the topic addressed, the significance of your argument, and the trajectory of your ideas.
ii. The body which, like a commentaire composé, consists of a tripartite development of your argument. This can follow any one of the following structures: a dialectical schema, organized into thèse, antithèse, and synthèse – an argument, its counter-argument, and its rebuttal; an analytical schema, consisting of the description of a situation, an analysis of its causes, and commentary on its consequences; a thematic schema, which consists of a reflection on a topic which you proceed to examine from different angles in an orderly fashion.
iii. A conclusion, in which you address the different ways in which you have approached the question at hand and how this deepens your insights, while placing the question within a broader context that shows room for expansion. The conclusion can open up the topic addressed to show its placement within a literary movement, or in opposition to another literary movement that follows it, for example.
NB: Approach the question at hand with as few preconceptions as possible. If you are writing on a quotation, gather all of your knowledge about its author, the work in which it appears, and the body of literature with which it is associated.
Caveat: Even for a personal reflection, such as a dissertation, avoid using the first person pronoun je. Nous or on are preferable. It is advisable not to switch from one to the other, though.
For each of these essay forms, it is a good idea to make an outline to which you can refer as you write. As your writing progresses, things may shift a bit, but having a structure on which you can rely as you gather your various ideas and information into a coherent argument provides solid foundation for a clear and well-developed essay. This also facilitates smooth transitions from one section of your essay to the next.
During your reading, you may encounter a problem, a contradiction, or a surprising turn of phrase that is difficult to figure out. Such moments in a text give you the opportunity to delve into the unique characteristics of the text or corpus to which you are referring, to propose different solutions to the problems you encounter, and to describe their significance within a larger literary, philosophical, and historical context. Essay writing allows you to become more familiar with French works, with their cultural significance, and with the French language. You can refer to the following resources to guide you in this endeavor:
Auffret, Serge et Hélène. Le commentaire composé. Paris: Hachette, 1991. Dufau, Micheline et Ellen D'Alelio. Découverte du poème: Introduction à l'explication de textes. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967. Grammont, Maurice. Petit traité de versification française. Paris: A. Colin, 2015. Huisman, Denis et L. R. Plazolles. L’art de la dissertation littéraire : du baccalauréat au C.A.P.E.S. Paris : Société d’édition d’enseignement supérieur, 1965.
The French newspaper Le Monde also has good articles on these essay forms that prepare French students for the baccalauréat exam: CLICK HERE
This is also a website with thorough information on essay writing techniques that prepare students for the baccalauréat exam: CLICK HERE
In addition, the University of Adelaide has tips for general essay writing in French: CLICK HERE
🇫🇷 Looking for More French Resources?
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Recipe for Perfection: 23 Transition Words for Concocting the Best French Sentences
Choppy French is a recipe for disaster.
Okay, so maybe it’s not that bad…
But nobody wants their French to sound choppy, right?
Luckily, the French language has quite the catalog of transition words to help hold it all together.
And let me tell you, the French love their transition words!
Not only do they keep you from sounding robotic, but they’re also the key to writing effective essays , understanding the literature you’re reading and improving (never stop!) your comprehension and conversation .
They may be little words, and you could ignore them and get the bare gist of things anyway, but you’re not that kind of learner, now, are you?
Let’s get to it and start adding these key ingredients to our nouns, verbs and adjectives.
Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)
How to Integrate French Transition Words into Your Diet
Get your feet wet with quizzes.
How much do you really know about these words, anyway? Gauging your knowledge with a few quizzes before you delve into any topic is always a good idea. You may even get a little confidence boost when you realize that you already know a sizable handful of transition words!
- Check out this quiz from Quizlet.
- This one makes noise when you click on words, if you’re into that kind of thing.
- And for a challenge, this fill-in-the-blank quiz is the ticket.
If your knowledge is looking kind of rough, make sure to study away using the methods below.
Extract transition words from real French materials
Transition words are sprinkled all over your French texts (you’re doing your reading , right?). In order to fully understand what you’re reading, knowing transition words is the final frontier. The clarity will be unreal! With this in mind, use the words around transition words to try and guess from context if you’re unsure. If you still aren’t positive as to what a word means, highlight it for later and look it up in one of your French dictionaries .
You’ll find these fun tie-in words in every type of French literature, from children’s books to young adult fiction to classic literary masterpieces . Once you know the bulk of them, you can revel in the wonderful feeling of understanding that much more French text.
Authentic French movies, TV shows and videos are another great place to look and listen for transition words. You’ll hear how they’re used naturally by real French speakers , which is invaluable to incorporating them into your own French.
FluentU takes authentic videos—like music videos, movie trailers, news and inspiring talks—and turns them into personalized language learning lessons.
You can try FluentU for free for 2 weeks. Click here to check out the website or download the iOS app or Android app.
Try FluentU for FREE!
Write your own beautiful sentences
I didn’t want to say it, but here it is…practice makes perfect, guys. So get out your pens and paper, and start on those French sentences ! Try writing a paragraph that uses four or five transition words .
If you’re more into immersion-based learning , make sure to include appropriate transition words when writing emails to your pen pals, writing entries in your French journal or even in text messages with another French-speaking friend. You’ll sound oh-so-sophisticated.
Use transition words with the subjunctive
The subjunctive is nothing to fear, but sometimes it can be difficult to integrate into the French you actually use. The tendency of some learners is to avoid it (we’ve all been there). Lucky for you, I’ve noted which of the transitional words and phrases below take the subjunctive. It shall be ignored no longer! This will give you some French to use right away while practicing both your transitions and the subjunctive.
If you’re still a beginner, no worries here. Many of these words and phrases don’t require the subjunctive mood. On the other hand, you always could take the opportunity to learn about this ultra-useful and fun French staple .
Listen to French instructors online
Listening to French teachers and instructors helps boost your knowledge of French connectors and ensures you correctly learn them. For a great introduction to French transition words, check out the video below.
French instructor Kritika takes you through some common transition vocabulary and even tests your knowledge at the end with a fun fill-in-the-blank activity!
For more great French learning content from dedicated language instructors, check out the FluentU French YouTube channel and don’t forget to subscribe.
Tying It All Together: 23 Transition Words for Seamless French
1. d’abord.
Translation: First of all
D’abord , il faut réchauffer le four. (First of all, you must preheat the oven.)
When you think “transition word,” this may be what you’re thinking. To start with the basics, here’s one of the first transition words you likely learned in French class. It’s best at the beginning of sentences, when giving directions or when recounting a series of events.
Subjunctive-friendly? Nah.
Translation: Next
Ensuite , je prépare la tarte aux cerises. (Next, I prepare the cherry pie.)
An easy way to remember this one (yet another in the series of your basic transition words), is that la suite is the sequel or “the next one” in French. It’s a useful piece of vocab when delving into French book series and films, and this transition word is obviously useful for continuing a series of events or directions you may be giving.
Subjunctive-friendly? Nuh-uh.
Translation: Then
Puis , je coupe les pêches. (Then, I cut the peaches.)
Then, you’ve got puis . If you’re unfamiliar with this one, just know that it’ll come up a lot in literature and conversation. It’s a very useful transition word to have under your belt. Puis proves to be a good fallback word to have when some of the more specific transition words slip your mind.
Subjunctive-friendly? Not this one, either.
Translation: Finally
Enfin , on mange tout. (Finally, we eat everything.)
In our d’ abord, ensuite, puis sequence, we end with enfin . This useful word is not only used as a transition to mark la fin (the end) of something, but is also an interjection—a filler word, if you will . It can mean “well,” “all in all,” “I mean” or “at least.” It’s a multi-edged sword. Use it as a transition to an end or to make your conversational French more authentic.
Subjunctive-friendly? Pas du tout (not at all).
5. Ainsi que
Translation: As well as
Je voudrais une tarte aux pommes ainsi que deux boules de glace. (I would like apple pie as well as two scoops of ice cream.)
Getting into some more advanced vocabulary now, this means “just as.” This conjunction is useful when elaborating on something you’re already discussing. It can also be used with a different meaning of “just as,” as in “It went just as I thought.”
Subjunctive-friendly? Nope!
6. Après que
Translation: After/when
Je vais dormir après que je mange toute cette tarte. (I’m going to sleep after I eat all this pie.)
Bet you’re wondering what the difference is between a près que and that old favorite a près . Après is a preposition , and ap rès que is a compound conjunction . All that means is you use the latter when it’s followed by a verb (like in the example). If you wanted to start a sentence with “after,” then you would use the preposition:
Après , on va partir. (After, we’re going to leave.)
Remember that the que helps link the clauses, and you should be good to link the night away.
Subjunctive- friendly? Technically, no, but French speakers tend to use the subjunctive after it regardless. So go ahead and get the extra practice.
7. Avant que
Translation: Before
Je vais finir la tarte avant que je nettoie la cuisine. (I’m going to finish the pie before I clean the kitchen.)
Similar to a près que, this conjunction is not to be confused with its definition without que. The same distinction can be made— avant being the preposition in this case and avant que the compound conjunction.
Subjunctive-friendly? Yes, and don’t you forget it!
8. Bien que
Translation: Although/even though
Il m’a donné une tarte aux pêches bien que j’aie commandé une tarte aux pommes ! (He gave me peach pie even though I ordered an apple pie!)
Careful not translate this one to “good that.” This conjunctive phrase is great for showing contrast and adding “conditions” to things, even though you have to know your subjunctive to use it.
Subjunctive-friendly? Oh, most definitely.
Translation: As soon as
Dès que la tarte arrive, je vais la détruire. (As soon as the pie arrives, I will destroy it.)
This is usually followed by not the subjunctive, but by a future tense! Makes sense considering the context. This is a great conjunctive phrase to use when making threats, lofty goals and uncertain plans. Très useful.
Subjunctive-friendly? Never, ever.
10. Parce que/car
Translation: Because
J’aime les tartes plus que les gâteaux parce que (car) la croûte est magnifique. (I like pies more than cakes because the crust is magnificent.)
You’re likely familiar with parce que , and maybe less so with car . There are some slight distinctions to keep in mind for you nit-picky French speakers out there: Car leans slightly more towards “since” or “for.” Parce que is a little stronger when used in speech. They both mean essentially the same thing, but it’s good to know both of them to add variety to your French conversation.
Subjunctive-friendly? No.
11. Pour que
Translation: So that
Je fais une tarte pour que tu aies quelque chose à manger ce soir. (I’m making a pie so that you have something to eat tonight.)
Oh, isn’t it great when such a useful conjunction takes the subjunctive? Well, sure it is! That’s how you get practice. Pour means for, but for translation purposes, “so that” makes more sense when using this phrase.
Subjunctive-friendly? You better believe it!
12. Quoi que
Translation: No matter what
Quoi que ma mère fasse en cuisine, c’est délicieux. (No matter what my mom makes in the kitchen, it’s delicious.)
I bet your mind is reeling with how much better your French will sound once you get this one down. No matter what the medium is, it’s useful. But you may be noticing an interesting trend: A word that you’re well-versed in (bien, quoi, pour) , when added to our favorite little word que, can bring out a completely different definition. Keep this in your mental notebook when you read these phrases or hear them spoken!
Subjunctive-friendly? Yes…yet again!
13. Tant que
Translation: As long as
Tant que cette tarte est là, je serai tenté de la manger. (As long as this pie is here, I will be tempted to eat it.)
What’s tant mean anyway? Funny you should ask, because this here is yet another example of fun words being transformed by their trusty sidekick que. Tant by itself means “so much or many,” or can be used to express an indefinite quantity. If you apply that definition back to this transitional phrase, then you can see something of a rough translation that matches “as long as.” But as long as you remember the definition, you’ll be good to go.
Subjunctive-friendly? No, you’re safe on this one.
14. Comme/puisque
Translation: Since
Comme j’ai mangé trop de tarte, je ne peux pas manger mes légumes. (Since I ate too much of the pie, I can’t eat my vegetables.)
Puisque je l’ai fait, je goûte en premier. (Since I made it, I’ll taste [it] first.)
Even though the definition is the same on these two, there is a slight distinction. Comme is useful for showing both the cause and result in a sentence, whereas puisque just gives an explanation. Comme also likes to hang around at the beginning of sentences, whereas puisque can go in the middle if it so pleases. This distinction will help you sound extra-super pro!
Subjunctive-friendly? No and no.
15. Lorsque/quand
Translation: When
Je cuisinais quand/ lorsque tu es arrivé. (I was cooking when you arrived.)
These are interchangeable when talking about time, though lorsque is a formal upgrade of quand . Gauge the situation when you pick. They both have their own special purpose as well: Quand can mean “whenever,” and lorsque can mean “whereas.”
Subjunctive-friendly? Sadly, no.
16. Quoique
Translation: Even though
Je mangerai une autre tranche quoique je n’aie pas faim. (I will eat another slice even though I’m not hungry.)
Okay, I’ll admit…it does get a bit confusing here. We just did quoi que , meaning “no matter what,” and now we’ve got the same thing minus the space in between and all of a sudden it means “even though”? These sound the same when spoken , but you should be able to figure it out based on the context. In addition, bien que and quoique can be used interchangeably. Just another opportunity for you to diversify.
Subjunctive-friendly? You better believe it.
Translation: So
Je veux que tu la goûtes, donc je garde une part. (I want for you to taste it, so I’m saving a piece.)
There is so much to say about this little word. Donc is one of the holy grails of French filler words, one of the little idiosyncrasies of French speech that you’ll pick up while in France and carry with you, smiling, forever. They use it both in the “correct” fashion, showing causation, as well as how we use it in English: “So, here’s the thing.” “So, I was heading to the store.” “So… So… So…” Remember donc. Cherish it. Can you tell this is my favorite French transition word?
Subjunctive-friendly? Not even close.
18. En fait
Translation: In fact
En fait, l’année dernière j’ai gagné une competition. (In fact, last year I won a competition.)
You have no excuses for not remembering this one. It’s spelt and sounds similar to the English definition. Use this phrase before emphasizing an important conclusion or key point.
19. Cependant
Translation: However, nonetheless
Cependant , j’aime un bon gâteau de temps en temps. (However, I enjoy a nice cake from time to time.)
Cependant is actually an adverb, but it still functions as a transition word. Use it at the beginning of a sentence to point out an opposition or contradiction. Pourtant is a close cousin, but it’s a little more nuanced, as it indicates that one thing happened when another one was expected to.
Subjunctive-friendly? No! No!
20. En revanche/par contre
Translation: On the other hand, in opposition
Une tarte aux pommes est classique. Par contre , une tarte aux tomates est bonne pour le petit-déjeuner, le déjeuner et le dîner. (An apple pie is classic. On the other hand, a tomato pie is good for breakfast, lunch and dinner.)
The definition is close to cependant , but provides a little clearer contrast. Those make for two great transition words when you’re writing essays in French or can’t decide which type of pie is better.
Subjunctive-friendly? Mais non !
21. En plus/en outre
Translation: Also
En outre , il faut choisir un bon parfum de glace pour accompagner la tarte. (Also, one must choose a good ice cream flavor to go with the pie.)
Need to add something that you forgot before? These two are good ways to vary your language and avoid using aussi (also) at every turn. En plus is common in conversation, and it, as well as en outre , is often a better alternative to aussi in written French.
Subjunctive-friendly? Jamais (never).
22. Pour ma part/pour moi
Translation: For me
Pour moi/ma part , je préfère la tarte au citron. (For me, I prefer lemon pie.)
Here are two phrases to use when you want to put emphasis on “me! me! me!” Pour moi is a good way to order at a restaurant , and pour ma part is best for stating opinions.
Subjunctive-friendly? Stop asking. It’s another “no.”
23. À mon avis
Translation: In my opinion
À mon avis , tous ces phrases sont ridicules ! (In my opinion, all of these sentences are ridiculous!)
But when you really want to make it all about you and your opinions, this is the best phrase. To qualify a statement as an opinion, or before you go on a rant about something you’re passionate about, this is a great transitional phrase to use and abuse!
Subjunctive-friendly? This is the last time I’m saying it…nope.
Enfin, you’re well-equipped to speak like a pro, write like an essayist and understand all the details in the French literature you’re devouring.
While there are far more transition words than those listed, knowing the basics will do wonders for your fluency.
Choppy French no more!
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In this article, I have shared a list of 30 useful French transition words and phrases that will help you create more sophisticated written arguments for your exam (at school or for DELF exam) or just simply write an essay in French!
Before we get to the four types of essays, here are a few French phrases that will be especially helpful as you delve into essay-writing in French: Introductory phrases, which help you present new ideas. tout d’abord – firstly premièrement – firstly Connecting phrases, which help you connect ideas and sections. et – and de plus – in addition
Beautiful French words Poetic, elegant or plain cute, make sure to add these words to your vocab list! Beautiful French phrases, sayings and quotes Some of these beautiful French quotes might already sound familiar. Keep reading to learn new ones! And if you love French expressions, check out these funny sayings explained.