- Pakistan still suffers from feudalism
But the landlords’ power is beginning to wane
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PANICKED from its nest, a quail scuds low across a cotton-field. The hunters spin round and blast away. As the bird drops from the sky, a gang of poor boys in plastic flip-flops races through the mud, fighting to pick up the kill. This vignette of feudal life has hardly changed in a century, except for one thing, says Ehtehsham Laleka, a puckish 30-year-old, whose family owns 7,000 acres of land in this southern region of Punjab province. “In my grandfather’s day we would have had hundreds of beaters like them.”
Feudalism, a curse that has lingered since independence in 1947, is often seen as the biggest blight on Pakistan’s development. In the old days the zamindars (landowners), empowered by British rule, lorded over great tracts of land, housing serfs and often abusing them in return for sharecropping and other forms of menial labour. Whereas independent India rid itself of much of that feudal class, Pakistan’s feeble attempts at land reform were ruled un-Islamic by its Supreme Court in 1990. The landowners turned their economic power into political authority, coercing their tenants to vote for them. In 1970 feudal landlords held 42% of the seats in the national parliament.
Modern feudals like to portray themselves as benevolent paternalists, but this does not stretch far. Feudal areas have the lowest literacy in Pakistan. On the estate of one family, many of whose members were educated in the West, the village children’s teeth are black and rotten. Families like the Lalekas, and 101 others listed in one catalogue, still pop up frequently as villains in soap operas.
Yet their power is wilting. By one count, feudal representation in parliament has dropped to around a quarter, drawn mainly from rural areas in south Punjab and the province of Sindh. On a stroll through his family stables, Mr Laleka shakes his head at the cost of maintaining dozens of buffalo and horses, on which little more than status rides. “You can get cheaper milk in the markets,” he sighs. “And you don’t have to clean up their shit.” This shows how the economy is changing. Agriculture’s share in GDP has dived from 53% in 1947 to 20%. Rapid urbanisation is drawing millions away from areas like south Punjab.
Meanwhile feuding has become a pastime of the feudal class, as Islamic inheritance laws requiring an equal split among male heirs fragment estates. “Eighty per cent of my friends have taken out loans,” mourns one landowner, himself indebted, to keep themselves in the finery to which they are accustomed. In 1960 farms smaller than five acres made up 19% of the total. By 2010, that figure had soared to 65%.
The landlords’ power over labourers is dwindling, too. Cash is replacing the old informal system of payment in kind. Erstwhile serfs are now paid around $170 a month at harvest time. Violence against them has become harder to get away with. When a feudal lord threw a ten-year-old boy into a thresher in 2013, severing both his arms, the outcry on social media led to his arrest, although not his conviction. Allahdad, a landlord built like a giant, fondly recalls the days when he beat lorry drivers and shaved their moustaches as a punishment. “If you cannot beat them, they steal,” he says, laughing. But a neighbour whispers that Allahdad can no longer retain a cook or guard, as the staff he used to slap around can now use their cash wages to escape.
Feudal politicians also have to work harder for their constituents’ votes. A young politician from a landed family glumly describes his view of the job. “Poli means many and tics means bloodsuckers,” he laments. When he is not glad-handing the masses at weddings or funerals, he must badger local administrators on behalf of his voters. Despite his help, he says, “they may have to bribe a policeman, but not as much.”
Nonetheless, the feudal rump in parliament has been able to prevent the extension of the minimum wage to agricultural labourers, among other things. Imran Khan, a leader of the opposition, blames feudalism for the country’s “grossly unfair social system”, but is now wooing the feudal barons in his bid for power in next year’s election. And even feudalism’s slow death may not lead to much change.
Though the power of the landlords is fading, more than half the members of Punjab’s assembly have inherited their seats from relatives, more than twice the rate in India’s parliament. The canniest “feudals”, says Badar Alam, editor of a current-affairs magazine, have long since morphed or married into the rising industrial class. These new rich families may not differ much from their landed predecessors. Noting how they like to copy the old feudal style, with big cars, browbeaten servants and brazen tax avoidance, Mr Laleka calls them “pseudo-feudals”.
This article appeared in the Asia section of the print edition under the headline "Quail, cotton and contumacy"
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Essay Service Examples History Feudalism
Current Social, Economic and Political Challenges for Pakistan: Impact of Feudalism
- Topics: Feudalism
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Pakistan has faced major challenges in its socioeconomics situation over past seventy years. However not all the problems have been overcome. Some of the key problems of Pakistan includes water scarcity, hunger, poverty, illiteracy, poor health conditions, unemployment, land management, corruption, drug abuse and overpopulation etc.
Land Management
A nexus of officers and politicians, pursuing their own interests, have made poor citizens lives miserable. The combined effect of incompetence and corruption has created a strong perception that the government no longer exist because no department appears to be functioning in accordance to its mandate. As a result, signs of frustration and anger are obvious in the population, but no one notices it.
With majority of the World’s population lacking secure land and property rights, land is at the center of development challenges.
Eliminating poverty and boosting shared prosperity, increasing food security, facilitating urbanization, addressing climate change, reducing fragility and reducing inequality and exclusion of vulnerable groups all depend on secure land and property rights,
Land signifies different things to different segments of society. Land is a repository of capital, fertile source of wealth, vehicle of getting into socio-political mainstream, agency of gaining political leverage. Besides it is a hub of agricultural sector and a source of livelihood for millions. Land hosts a varied array of activities. Land is the jugular vein of Pakistan’s economy.
What is Feudalism?
Feudalism is a system of receiving land from a king and in return fighting for him. Feudalism is also defined by a system of landownership by superior classes in special relation to the royal or state power. A feudal had to collect tax whether in coin or in any kind on the behalf of the state and deposit it in the royal exchequer. Moreover, a feudal had to cultivate an army which could help the state whenever required. A feudal was answerable to the central authority and not to the peasants or to the members of the villages inhabiting his fief. The Sultans of Delhi, the Mughals and the British, who invaded, occupied and ruled over the subcontinent, promoted feudalism in the subcontinent to hold their foots on it. During the British reign, the process of conversion of feudal lords into capitalist began and the same continued after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.
The feudal system revolves not around the matriarchal system but around the patriarchal system of family in which the male head takes care of the family, which is commonly a large joint family and looks after the land he owns in inheritance.
Feudalism Is a Major Obstacle in The Way of Social Mobility in Pakistan
Pakistan is an under develop country. Pakistan faced political instability through out its history since 1947 to date. Then Pakistan was bound to face four martial laws due to instable political situation in the country. For under develop country like Pakistan stable political situation is must for the progress and for strong economy. Economy depends upon agriculture and industrial development as well as on mineral development. Pakistan was an agrarian economy but most part of land is occupied by feudal lords. These feudal lords also entered in politics and since its birth till now they are ruling the country. The feudalism is a major hurdle in the way of progress and prosperity of the country because the feudal lord does not let their subject to be educated so that no one share their power. Rural areas of Pakistan are severely damaged by this evil. However, in urban areas there is a decline of feudalism due to industrial development and education. But industrial sector is also going under the control of feudal lords as they are shifting their investments to industry instead of agriculture. In rural Sindh and Baluchistan, the situation is worse as compared to Punjab and K.P.K. The feudal lords not only controlled agriculture land but also occupied political system and civil, military service in Pakistan.
Feudalism in Pakistan has a stranglehold on the economy and politics of the nation. The feudal landlords have created states within a state where they rule their fiefs with impunity. The landlord’s influence spans over the police, bureaucracy and judiciary. Since its birth Pakistan is run by the politicians who are mostly feudal that is why, Pakistan is still an under develop country. The Bhutto’s is one of the richest families of the subcontinent. The Bhutto’s own around 40,000 acres of land in Sindh and assets worth billions of dollars.
Feudal Lords do not permit their subjects to get education, acquire money, to improve their standard of living, to improve their social conditions. Even they are not allowed to perform religious duties without the approval of federal lord. They are bound to get permissions for the marriages of their sons and daughter from the feudal lords. The poor farmers are at the mercy of feudal lord. Feudal lords consider poor farmers or village men as their personal goods
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In Pakistan, the feudal are known as Chaudhary’s, Warraich, Pirs, Khans, Makhdoom’s, Arbabs, Mizaris, Khars, Leghari’s, Nawabzadas, Nawabs, Sardars and Shah.
Land grabbing is another issue that is creating a fuss and disturbance in Pakistan. Land mafia seems to be very powerful with complete political backing, taking away the lands owned by the citizens and also government’s land. Different gangs of land mafia clashing with each other disturbing the peace of city and if someone tries to resist, mafia conveniently give it ethnic colour. This entire circle of land mafia, politicians and officials of law enforcement agency are responsible for the ethnic rifts in the city to save the illegal lands.
Pakistan is home to many Land Mafia who illegally take possession of land or claim ownership of land and dispossess true owners through legal or extra-legal means.
In Karachi, the land mafias are involved in drugs, illegal weapons, kidnappings for ransom, bank robberies and many other crimes; it has made the city a living hell for the common citizen. In Lahore, there is a well-connected land mafia that keeps its eyes on uninhabited plots and buildings in prime areas and moves in with fake ID cards to take possession leaving the real owners to then pursue the case in the court for years.
Islamabad also had a land mafia whose activities often go unchecked, noting The Capital Development Authority (CDA) has recently admitted that 54, 552 kanals of state-owned land are under the possession of land grabbers.
Land disputes are the most common form of dispute filed with the formal court system. Between 50% and 75% of cases are land-related disputes. By one estimate, over a million land cases are pending countrywide. Major causes of land disputes are inaccurate or fraudulent land records, erroneous boundary descriptions that create overlapping claims, and multiple registrations of the same land by different parties.
Urbanization
Pakistan is the seventh-most populist country in the world. Its urban population has increased at a rate of 2.7 % per year. Rural-to-urban migration is taking place at an unprecedented scale. At present the state has no plan for dealing with the migrant and nor in the position of providing homes to them. Many people move to the urban areas primarily because cities promise more jobs, better schools for poor children and diverse income opportunities.
Some scholars suggest that urbanization creates slums because local governments are unable to manage urbanization. The gap between the people’s low-income and high land price force people to construct cheap informal settlements known as Slums.
Karachi’s Orangi Town is one of the largest slums in the world. Moreover, Lahore which is labelled as the Paris of Pakistan, has massive infrastructure project but there is an ugly side of this massive development i.e. increasing slums in these same neighborhoods.
Lahore, the economic hub of Punjab has a population of 11 million. Majority of the people are likely to find in slum settlements where they don’t have proper food, health, sanitation, living and education facilities. Majority of the people living in these areas are street hawkers and daytime laborer’s, they earn very little and are not able to afford medical care or hygiene food. Slums are a by-product of over-population, economic, social and political inequalities. Most importantly within these areas, social problems such as crime, drug addiction, alcohols, high rates of mental illness and suicide are seen.
References:
- https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/land
- pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/Article%2007%20Jahanzeb.pdf
- pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/15_54_1_17.pdf
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Origin Of Feudalism
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Feudalism in Pakistan
Introduction:- The Zamindarana Nizam or Feudal system is a phenomenon that has affected Pakistan’s history time and again; sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse. There are many salient features of the Feudal system in Pakistan. They are large landholdings by joint families; Lambardari of the local landlord family, work done by peasants or mazeras, complete rule of the landlord in the vicinity and often its surroundings too, debt bondage and sometimes absentee landlordism. The Pakistani feudal system is compatible with the European medieval feudal system where a large proportion of the production of the subsistence farmer would go to the landlord as homage. The Indian caste system is also similar to the hierarchy of the medieval European feudal pyramid expect for the fact there a person from a lower rank could be promoted to a higher rank by proving his worth unlike India where a Pandit’s son will grow up to be a Pandit and a Shudra’s son is deemed to be a servant for the rest of his life. There are also some similarities with the Japanese feudal system. In this research we will delve into the intricacies of the matter and will ascertain the reason for the phenomenon of feudalism and its effects on Pakistani society in general. The European Feudal Model:- We have to see the similarities between the Indian Feudal Model and the European feudal model because a lot of people confuse one with another. It will also be easier to study the Indian feudal system because it was a forerunner of the modern Pakistani feudal system. The European feudal system was based on homage to one’s feudal lord because of the fact that he protects the plebian from external threat by serving in the military.
If we want to study the European feudal model we have to grasp the idea of the King, the Lord, the vassal and the peasant. The King was the sovereign barring exceptions in some cases, all the feudal barons and others were knighted by the King so that they would pledge allegiance to the King. Pledging allegiance to the King meant that many of the feudal lords were required to serve in the military. As a result the profession of an Army Officer up till world war two remained largely a feudal profession. Almost all Earls, Dukes, Viscounts and Barons served in the army or Navy as officers; a tradition that continues to this day as we can see both the sons of Charles, the Prince of Wales serving in the military. Another way how an ordinary man could work up the hierarchy was by proving himself in battle. Once the man would do so, he would be awarded with land by the King called “fief”. This would make him a landowner and he would then be required to swear an “Oath of Fealty”, the literal meaning of fealty is fidelity. Once the feudal pledged allegiance to the King he was made head of his area. The entire medieval Europe fell into some sort of a pyramid of hierarchy; with the head of everything being the Pope and the Clergy. The Pope was responsible for a lot and he would often appoint Prices in an around the area of modern Italy. Cesare Borgia is one such example of people appointed by Pope Alexander the Sixth, his father. The Church was known for its nepotism and this is why the Great Schism or the Western Schism and the Protestant Reformation took place. The Church’s corruption knew no bounds at times. Alexandre Dumas once said that “Christianity assumed a pagan character”. This is exactly what he was talking about. The Church has absolute power. Then came the Monarchs, then the Knights and Vassals, the business people were next and finally there were the peasants and the serfs. This has a lot of similarities with the Indian caste system. There were basically four Varnas. The Brahmins were the highest and they were the equivalent of the Clergy of those days, then there were the Kshatriyas who were a lot like Knights of the European feudal model and Samurais of the Japanese feudal system, then were the Vaishyas who were the traders, the businessmen and merchants, finally there were the Shudras who were sort of like the peasants. The feudal system in history has been a way of keeping the oppressed down. Both systems show a clear indication of exploitation. While Brahmins and Kshatriyas were landowners, the Vaishyas were confined to doing business only and the Shudras were made to serve the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas in the most demeaning and despicable of ways. They were confined to cleaning jobs, acting as servants and laborers. The Mahar are a lower community of India. They were called the untouchables. One of their leaders B. R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Constitutional Drafting Committee. He was the author of several books and was very aware of the fact that he was from an oppressed community and made provisions to make India into the secular and tolerant state that it is today. Some people may disagree with this statement but I beg to differ. The Union of India has done a lot to protect the rights of its lower castes ever since independence and this is where people like B. R. Ambedkar needs to be given credit. Unfortunately in Pakistan, people from lower castes often try to hide their identity and being from a lower caste is still considered a stigma, particularly in the Punjab. Here the Kshatriya tribes who are almost exclusively Muslim have not let go of their Hindu approach. They still believe in Mazera and Kammi system. They are not sent to school and are forced to work for their landlord families generation after generation. It is a shame what Pakistan has become today. Pakistanis embrace modernism thinking that it is an American phenomenon but they have no clue whatsoever how much of an equalitarian society the United States is today. While India has let go of their former hatred, Pakistan continues to be an insolent, third-rate godforsaken society. Coming back to the European feudal system, there were instances when the King knighted the people who were close to the king or were in the process of forging close relationships were also knighted so that their status would be elevated to that of any other peer. We can clearly see that in the case of King Henry the Eighth or Henry Tudor. Before he was set to marry Anne Boleyn he knighted her father making him a Viscount and her brother a Baron. The feudal Barons in the middle ages dominated every walk of life. The German name prefix of “von” usually showed nobility and we can clearly see that all the people who dominated German and Austrian societies before the Second World War had this prefix in the beginning of their name. For example von Mises the economist, von Bismark the statesman, von Manstein the general, von Hindenburg the Chancellor of Germany before Adolf Hitler and his Third Reich came into power. This is clear evidence of how the nobility was dominant in all spheres of life. We will discuss the same about Pakistan but like Europe trends are changing here too and we can see a more fair and equalitarian society. The Indian Feudal Model:- The first evidence of allotment of lands was in ancient India. Indians of antiquity were very giving to their spiritual leaders, the Brahmins. The customs of gifting lands to Brahmins dates back to Maurya times. The Maurya Empire thrived in India between the 4th to 1st Century B. C. E. The Empire controlled from Paltiputra in Present day Patna, Bihar controlled almost all of India. The special thing about this empire was that it was very sparsely populated. This made it very easy for greedy, licentious Brahmins to encroach land. The situation was ideal and the Brahmin is a very shrewd man. According to R. S. Sharma of the University of Patna this is when the trend started and was later enacted into the epic of Mahabharata during the Gupta Empire. This indoctrination meant that the Brahmins would later become landowners. Vast estates of land boil down into huge sums of money and with money comes power, influence and authority. Over the course of the next two thousand years the Brahmin consolidated his position by becoming the landlord along with the Kashatriya. Our ancestors, the Kashatriyas had to earn his land and fight with every fiber of his being for every last chunk of land but the Brahmin had his devious ways. The Brahmin changed the Holy Hindu script and stammered rites for a living. The result of all this was that the Brahmin to this date remains economically well off and continued to rule for centuries to come. Only in today’s world do you see people from lower Varnas such as Laksmhi Mittal or Bajaj strike rich. Otherwise it was always the Brahmin Pandit or the Kshatriya warrior who had control over wealth. It is important to note that the Nehru family is of Kashmiri Brahmin Pandit origin; their scions include Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi. The concept was then started off by the Mughals who with their skill in administrative issues decided to appoint tax collectors from area to area. This included people from every religion. The Mughals made no discrimination in religion. There were some smaller kingdoms all over India too as the Mughals did not have a hundred percent control over everything. The Mughals, like the British conferred titles upon their tax collectors. Some of these titles were Mian, Rai Bahadur and Chaudhary. Mian was the title given to the Arian family who were the custodians of the Shalimar Gardens. The family is called Mian family of Baghbanpura. Mian Muhammad Shafi, one of the politicians of per-partition India and the Judge to whom Jinnah swore his oath to after becoming Governor-General are both from this family. Rai Bahadur was the title given to those families who helped the Mughals succeed in destroying their enemies for example some people from one tribe would given the title for killing people from another tribe who were causing troubles to for the Mughals. Chaudhary literally meant “Lord” and unlike today it was a very rare title back then. It was also customary amongst the Mughals to grant Lordship to Pashtun Generals serving in the army. The Nawabs of Bhopal and the landlords of Khwaspur near modern day Lalamusa were both handed over to Pashtun generals for the services they rendered to the Mughal Empire. Once the British came to power, they had similar tactics of retaining power. The only difference was that they had different names for their loyalists. They preferred to give the title of “Khan Bahadur”. The British clearly understood the differences between communities of India and did their best to divide us. When people from one tribe rebelled, they were expelled from the army. They placed tribes loyal to them over others in social standing and even today, the effects of this intrusion and manipulation of history effects our society in a very detrimental way which I will discuss later in the research. Hegemony of feudals in Pakistani society:- There were also stories from history where we can see that the King was not as powerful and that the Feudals were running the show altogether. We see the evolution of the “Magna Carta”, the first bill of rights of man that the western world saw. This Magna Carta was written in the thirteenth century by the Feudal Barons of King John the Second after a series of critical istakes made by the King and now the power lay with the Barons. This is how important the nobility was back in the medieval ages. The phenomenon is still prevalent in modern day Pakistan where we clearly see that almost all of the bureaucrats and politicians hailing from Interior Sindh have remarkably eccentric and ridiculous last names. This is because these are the leaders of their respective tribes. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Asif Ali Zardari, Muhammad Khan Junejo among many others. Why does not any Sindhi from an ordinary background make it to the top? It is the hegemony of these tribe leaders that keeps them oppressed and downtrodden. We do see a sort of connection of these nobles with their German pre world war counterparts. They were all extremely dominant in their societies and controlled the military, the bureaucracy, the foreign affairs, almost all the intellectual discourse, the food production and pretty much everything else. Absentee Landlordism:- This is a phenomenon by which a peculiar landlord from a peculiar rural area of Pakistan remains absent during the entire course of the cultivation and harvest of his crops in order to enjoy a lavish lifestyle in the urban areas of Pakistan. These landlords do not contribute to their land; some of them embark on political careers or take up important bureaucratic jobs. As a result they have little or almost no input on the growth of their crops. There are people that are part of the feudal gentry who leave their country estates and farmlands comprising of hundreds of acres just to live a lavish life in Lahore and other cities playing polo and consuming ridiculous amounts of alcohol. When their crops are harvested they get the largest share of the profits while their mazera gets nothing but some money to barely make ends meet. Societal deterioration of Urban Pakistan:- According to Ayesha Siddiqa, the author accredited with writing “Military Incorporated”, feudal system is still alive and kicking in Pakistan and even Pakistan’s urban elite are trying to copy the life styles of the feudals. She says and I quote “the decadent lifestyle of the old Nawabs and the feudal elite by holding huge parties, mujrahs and flaunting money” in their newly built farmhouses. The tragedy of our country is that we try to copy whatever culture we think is superior. Our Anthropology teacher first introduced us to the phenomenon of “Cultural Diffusionism” where traits of dominant cultures are slowly assimilated into weaker cultures. Unfortunately for Pakistani society, we are ready to accept any culture that has more to do with ostentatiousness than modesty. Moreover, Nawabs and Thakurs were more powerful in areas like Balochistan or Uttar Pradesh. Nawabs of Punjab for example Nawab Sir Fazal Ali of Gujrat and Nawab Sir Hayat of Wah were mostly installed by the British. It is sad to see North Punjabis and other Pakistanis trying to emulate their lifestyles because of their own inferiority complexes. The word “khandaani” has been thrown around so much and is uttered by every single menial who has a few nickels in his pocket. Pakistani society is a complete and utter shambles and the feudal archetype is to be held accountable in this particular case. Pakistan Army Officer Corps and its deterioration because of differences in background:- Pre-partition Pakistan Army also shows a clear discord between army officers of feudal background and army officers of ordinary backgrounds. In a story narrated by my father, a former Pakistan Army Armored Corps officer there was a clear discord and hatred between both the parties within the Armored Corps back then. There were two syndicates that we formed one lead by former Lieutenant General Sahabzada Yakub Khan, a landowning aristocrat and the son of the Nawab of Rampur who opted for Pakistan army after partition; The other by Lieutenant General Gul Hassan Khan a man of humble background from Pabbi, Nowshera District. Both Generals were from PAVO Cavalry (Frontier Force) and Probyn’s Horse respectively with the former filled with people from elite backgrounds and elitist principles and the latter being the complete opposite of that. My father told me that before the 1970s if you were serving in the army as a cavalry officer you had to be a part of one group or the other or else you had no future in the army and were constantly harassed by both parties. So the officers picked their sides, all except one General Zia-ul-Haq did so. As a result young Zia a staunch mullah, was thrown out of three army regiments before settling into one dominated by elitists, the Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force). There he was welcomed by Lieutenant Colonel Pir Israr Shah who felt sorry for poor Zia. The day Colonel Shah left poor Zia was once again bullied and harassed by fellow officers especially by former NWFP and Punjab Governors Lieutenant Generals Fazl-e-Haq and Ghulam Jilani, both personally appointed by General Zia later so that he would show them who’s boss. The result of these dissensions was that Zia did his best to purge out the “elitist” from Pakistan Army and this policy very slowly and gradually took its effect. Coming back to Gul Hassan and Sahabzada Yakub Khan, There were implications that Bhutto wanted Gul Hassan as the future head of the Army, part of the reason why the competent Sahabzada resigned as Commander of East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh). He was replaced by A. A. K. Niazi, a genuinely incompetent officer. As a result of all of this, Pakistan Army failed to protect East Pakistan from Indian onslaught in the 1971 war. All because our officers failed to unite as one and let go of their backgrounds. What a pity! Perhaps this was why it was so hard to get any work done in any military office back then. There was too much politics surrounding every issue. One party would do whatever it was in their capacity to make the other one look bad and not caring about the duties that their state entrusted upon them.
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Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, and PMS
This is an Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, PMS, and Judiciary Examinations. Democracy is a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation, or to choose governing officials to do so.” Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through freely elected representatives. As Democracy is a very popular topic so, here is a complete Essay on “Democracy in Pakistan” for CSS, PMS, and judiciary examinations.
What is democracy? Essentials of democracy Democracy in Pakistan
Causes of failure of democracy in Pakistan
Pakistani democracy vs. western democracy, essay on “democracy in pakistan” for css, pms, and judiciary examinations.
To acquire immunity to eloquence is of the utmost importance to the citizens of a democracy. – Bertrand Russell
Democracy is a form of government in which all citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development, and passage of legislation into law. It can also encompass social, economic, and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination. While there is no specific, universally accepted definition of ‘democracy’, equality and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of democracy since ancient times. These principles are reflected in all citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes.
In other cases, “democracy” is used to mean direct democracy. Though the term “democracy” is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles are applicable to private organizations and other groups as well.
Democracy in Pakistan
This direct or indirect military influence is the greatest impediment to the evolution of a stable governing system in Pakistan. Besides, the army is not solely responsible for this mass but it is our inefficient politicians who provide an opportunity for to army to take over.
Recalling the last 62 years of Pakistan, democracy is found only as an interval before the next military general comes to the scene. The future of democracy was doomed from the start when Liaquat Ali Khan, the first elected Prime Minister, was shot at a public gathering. Nobody knows to this day who did it and why. From now on, the balance of power was to shift in the favor of the military. A comparison tells us how this shift came up. From 1951-57 India had one Prime Minister and several army chiefs while during the same period Pakistan had one army chief and several Prime ministers.
Then came a ten years gap of experimentation with democracy and every two years each elected government was ousted by the special discretionary powers of the president . An end to this ten-year spell came with a new general coming to power ousting the incumbent elected government of Mian Nawaz Sharif. This time the Prime Minister was charged with conspiring against the state and was ousted from the country.
The immediate and foremost requirement of the Constituent Assembly was to frame a democratic constitution for the country. The constitution had to lay down the form of government, and the role of the judiciary, military, and bureaucracy. It had to decide the basic issues about provincial autonomy, religion and the state, the joint or separate electorate, representation of minorities and women in assemblies, fundamental rights, and civil liberties.
This constitution has survived in spite of the breakdown of democracy twice in 1978 and 1999 and hopefully has come to stay. But the delay in framing the constitution harmed the growth of political democracy, as it allowed the authoritarian rule of the Governor-General to continue for seven long years (1947-56), which set this inglorious tradition in the country.
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the father of the nation and the first Governor-General, died just one year after the establishment of Pakistan on September 11, 1948, and his right-hand lieutenant Liaquat Ali Khan, who was the first Prime Minister, was assassinated on October 16, 1951. About the capability of other leaders of the Pakistan Muslim League (PML), the party which had successfully piloted the movement for Pakistan, Jinnah had ruefully remarked that “he had false coins in his pocket”.
It was demonstrated that the civil-military bureaucracy “would not let politicians or religious ideologues lead the country to anarchy”. This also laid down the foundations of the supremacy of the military and orchestrated the initial rehearsal for the recurring imposition of Martial Law in the country and its acceptance by the people.
From 1988 to 1999, four democratically elected governments were replaced on charges of corruption, inefficiency, security risk, etc. The civil-military bureaucracy has dominated governance owing to the inherent weakness of the political parties and their incompetent leadership, resulting in the derailment of democracy thrice in the history of Pakistan, i.e., in 1958, 1977, and 1999.
For any healthy constitutional and political system to function smoothly, strong and well-entrenched political parties are essential. Unfortunately, political parties in Pakistan have failed to develop into strong vehicles of national political will. The main responsibility for safeguarding democracy in a country falls on political parties. Pakistan, since its inception, was lacking well-organized and well-established political parties that could carry the representative system of governance forward.
Their incompetence and constant wrangling for power in the initial nine years (1947-1956) were also responsible for the delay in constitution-making. Instead of cooperation and mutual accommodation, there was ceaseless infighting. For instance, as early as 1953, a clash between the leadership of Punjab and the central government led to intense communal riots and the imposition of Martial Law in Lahore, the provincial capital. Even as late as the decade 1988-99 of civil supremacy, the fight between the PML and the PPP led to the repeated dissolution of national and provincial assemblies and the dismissal of prime ministers and their cabinets. Finally, it ended with the military takeover in 1999.
The opposition parties alleged that the elections had been “rigged on a massive scale”. It has been commented: Elections in Pakistan had been rigged before, notably the presidential election in 1965 and the Provincial Assembly,y elections in the early 1950s, but rigging in these instances did not arouse the mass uprising as it did in 1977. The people of Pakistan were evidently not of the same mind now as they were in those earlier periods.
The latest threat is emanating from extremism and terrorism, especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA). This is the spillover effect of the conflict in Afghanistan and is spreading to Pakistan. It is likely to continue as long as there is no peace and stability in that country. However, the military enjoying the support of the nation is successfully combating the extremists and terrorists under the supremacy of the civilian democratic government. It is hoped that the process would continue to its logical conclusion.
One of the pivotal factors supporting the notion of Western liberal democracies is that it provides opportunities for participation to ordinary citizens, right or wrong to culminate a sense of legitimacy for the election exercise and chose people of their interest to manage public affairs for a specified term. But the principles and standards for evil and good vary between the West and the Islamic world . Strange as is, in Pakistan, those who come to occupy the political offices never intend to quit the political power on their own except implication of military force through a coup.
Suggestions for Democracy in Pakistan
An impartial system of accountability enhances public trust in the political system. It provides enormous strength to the democratic process. Moreover, it compels thousand who are charged with governance, to transparently discharge their official responsibilities. It ensures good governance and strengthens the political setup. In spite of facing innumerable challenges and showing unsatisfactory performance, Pakistanis have the capability to emerge as a democratic and progressive nation. Pakistan can road to democracy with the dedication, determination, commitment, courage, and patriotism of its political leaders.
In all Constitutions of Pakistan (1956, 1962, and 1973) the objectives of governance, in the words of Dr. Ainslie T. Embree, Professor Emeritus of Columbia University, are democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice as enunciated by Islam, giving Muslims freedom to live their lives in accordance with the teachings of Islam, but with minorities having full freedom to profess their own religions.
The country is on the path to achieving full literacy and progress towards a higher standard of education in important disciplines. This is strengthening the civil society in ensuring the prevalence of democratic culture at the lower and higher level of governance. Secondly, the print and electronic media in Pakistan are vibrant and independent. A responsible media educates the masses, raises political consciousness, and thus promotes democratic values, norms, and culture. In addition, a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are playing an active role in the field of education and contributing to the growth of a vibrant civil society and good governance.
The people of Pakistan in general lack political psyche and consciousness. This is largely due to poor literacy and a never-ending feudalistic rule over 60% of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the masses and make them aware of their political rights. This can begin with greater political socialization by political parties and media.
To sum up, it is the political leadership that can ensure the permanence of democratic governance. The prospects are, however, not as dismal as sometimes portrayed. Already, the literacy rate in Pakistan has increased to more than fifty-five percent. Efforts are afoot to improve the standard of higher education. Economic growth and industrialization have given birth to a vocal urban society and middle class, which is growing. and gradually lessening the influence of the feudal class.
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Feudalism, Essay Example
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Feudalism was a structured society in which lords owned large pieces of land and allowed servants to live on it in exchange for cultivating the land and providing the lord with a part of the profit. History has demonstrated that feudalism typically arises when an empire loses its power, which causes wealthy land owners to rule their territory with absolute power. Because this land is divided and ruled by many different families, there were no laws that unified the land and lords were generally free to make laws as they pleased. As such, feudalism would cease to exist if one family were able to gain power over the others and unite the land.
The land grant that lords provided their servants were called fiefs, and this land was provided in exchange for service. After the agreement was made between the lord and the servant for land, the servant is called a vassal. At this point, the vassal would agree to pay the lord homage and to engage in battle on the lord’s behalf if this is deemed necessary. Many instances of feudalism have existed throughout history, although during different time periods. Feudalism in Western Europe ceased to exist towards the end of the Middle Ages in the 1500s, while feudal Japan ended in the 1600s. Both of these events were marked by widespread unification that led to the predecessors of the territories that we are familiar with today.
Interestingly, it does not appear that feudalism exists in the world today. While there are some smaller ruling provinces in the world, these rulers are often elected in some manner. In countries in which rulers are not democratically elected, the land is unified. Therefore, it is unlikely that feudalism will come again but this system of government was certainly an important mark in the history of the world.
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Feudalism in Pakistan
The faith of Qureshi's followers on their Sajda Nasheen is relentless – why would they ever vote for someone else?
“The land-tenure system which Pakistan inherited at Independence represented in many ways a symbiosis of structural relationships that permitted economic and social exploitation of the tenant by the landlord. […] This system of land tenure was characterized by absentee landlordism, and led to the exploitation of tenants by the zamindars because of the highly uneven power structure inherent in the system.”
Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Mahmood Hasan Khan & M. Chaudhry Ghaffar, Land Reforms in Pakistan: a Historical Perspective
The Current Feudal System Prevalent in South Asia is a Legacy of the British
In the world of today – rather, the third-world of today – it is the norm to blame everything that goes amiss in a developing country on its faulty and corrupt government. In Pakistan, an essential part of this new vogue is to lament the country’s medieval system of land ownership that provides room for landlords to thrive – nay, even control the system to its very roots.
It must be said that in most cases this blame is justly placed. However, where we, Pakistanis, go wrong is in discovering the roots of this parasitical flaw in our system, sometimes mistakenly blaming the Muslim monarchs of medieval India for creating the intermediary landlords, particularly criticizing Akbar’s mansabdari system. But accurate research reveals that it was not in fact Akbar, but the British colonizers of the subcontinent who have left us with this parasitical curse that we have failed to get rid of to this day.
How were the British the true architects of the feudal system of the subcontinent? This article will seek to explain exactly how the ex-imperial colonizers of India managed to bless the region with one of its most persistent nuisances.
It was not Akbar but the British colonizers who left us this parasitical curse
Pre-British Land Revenue System
Mughal Mansabdari System
When the British first set foot on the subcontinent, the Mughals were in rule over most part of the region. As a part of their revenue administration was the mansabdari system through which they regulated control over the land revenue of the country. This system, introduced by Mughal Emperor Akbar, remained in place from the late 16 th Century (dates vary between 1575 and 1595) till the fall of the Mughal Empire.
Difference from Modern Feudalism
Often criticized for being the root of our modern feudal system, the mansabdari system was in fact different in many essential ways. First and foremost, the system granted ownership on a non-hereditary transferable basis. The officials, mansabdars, who were granted the job of overseeing of the land, never owned their mansabs but were only granted a share of its earnings as a reward for their work. Thus, since they never owned the land, they did not have the right to pass it on to their offspring, either. This non-ownership of land is the essential difference between modern feudalism and the Mughal mansabdari system.
Mansabdars turn into Petty Chiefs
However, after the fall of the Mughal Empire, these mansabdars , turned into de facto hereditary landlords and petty chiefs of their mansabs . With the Mughal ruler gone, there was no one to stop them from doing so. But, sadly for them, soon enough, a new force was to gain control of their land – the British.
A Brief History of British Land Acquisition in India
1757 – Battle of Plassey, Company Rule in India effectively established
1764 – Battle of Buxar, defeat of Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II forces him to grant diwani (revenue collection) rights of Bengal and Bihar to the British
1793 – Cornwallis Code, Permanent Settlement Act introduced
1858 – British Raj Begins
1887 – Punjab Tenancy Act 1887
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1901 – Land Alienation Act
As the chronology above shows, the acquisition of land by the British was a gradual process, dictated by their military conquests over the subcontinent. This acquisition of lands – and its pattern – determined the method of revenue collection that the colonial power opted for, beginning with the diwani , the first time the British gained the right to collect revenue off an Indian land. In due time, with the introduction of the British Raj, they would stamp their legal authority over the subcontinent by introducing a number of reforms that would systematically create a new breed of intermediaries in the revenue system.
The acquisition of land by the British was a gradual process
Basic Land Tenure Structure introduced by the British Colonizers
As already mentioned, the British colonizers of India imposed different systems of land revenue collection in different regions, depending upon when they acquired it. Generally, they introduced one of three land revenue systems in their jurisdiction: landlord based system, which is also known as zamindari or malguzari ; systems organized on the basis of individual cultivators, also known as raiyatwari/ryotwari ; and village-based systems, also known as mahalwari .
The Zamindari System: The Zamindari system was introduced by the British in the Eastern provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa – the ones that the British annexed the earliest. In this system of land regulation, the landlord – the person who was awarded a piece of land by the British – was solely in charge of revenue collection. This meant that the British administration had no direct dealings with the cultivating peasants. Therefore, in this system, the landlords were in effect given all property rights, though, in later years, the British did introduce some measures for protecting the rights of tenants and sub-proprietors.
The Ryotwari System: The Ryotwari system was introduced mainly in the South Indian region, in modern Indian states like in Maharashtra, Karnataka, etc. In this system, the British awarded peasants with ownership of their land, making this is a system of peasant-proprietorship. Hence, all land revenue collection was made directly from the peasants who worked on and owned the land they cultivated.
Mahalwari System: In the west of the Subcontinent – the region making up modern-day Pakistan – the British introduced the mahalwari system. In this system, the British developed groups of villagers – most certainly the more prominent members – and assigned to them the task of collecting land revenue from all the farmers.
The mansabdari system was different in many essential ways
British Mahalwari System – the father of Modern Pakistani Feudalism
As stated above, during British occupation of the subcontinent, modern-day Pakistan was regulated by the Mahalwari revenue system. In this system, village bodies that were joint “owners” of the village were responsible for collecting land revenue. It isn’t said what the basis of selection for this body of authoritative villagers was, but it doesn’t take a lot of imagination to understand whom the British would have liked to reward with the ownership of a piece of land: only their faithfuls.
The composition of this village body varied from place to place. In some areas, the lucky few were a family, or even a single person – very much like the Bengali landlord system, zamindari . In other areas, the village bodies were larger, including a much larger variety of people. The share of each member was either determined by ancestry – known as pattidari – or his (definitely not her ) possession of land, known as bhaichara system. The latter of the two was closer to the raiyatwari system.
Furthermore, the state fixed the revenue for a limited period of 30 years at some places. The revenue rates in these areas were determined on fairly ad-hoc grounds, based on a diverse set of factors.
As any system that takes away proprietorship from the peasants, the Mahalwari System had an array of drawbacks. Essentially, the land revenue system brought low benefit for the cultivators; much like zamindari or permanent settlement, the mahalwari system benefited only the upper class of villages.
Reforms over the Years
Since the implementation of their various systems of land revenue, beginning with the Permanent Settlements Act of 1793, the British, time and again, introduced a number of land reforms in their Raj, attempting to tinker with the existing system but effectively attaining little. The Acts that most affected modern-day Pakistan – particularly the Punjab – included:
Punjab Tenancy Act, 1887
Punjab Tenancy Act of 1887 awarded tenants of certain categories occupancy rights. According to Chapter II of the act: “A tenant who at the commencement of this Act has, for more than two generations in the male line of descent through a grandfather or grand uncle and for a period of not less than twenty years, been occupying land paying no rent” and other similar types of tenants who have owned land for a certain period of time, were awarded the right of occupancy to that land. What meaning of “occupancy” the lawmakers were using has not been stated in the Act. The Act further included measures to protect tenants from extortion and eviction, such as regulation of rent, etc.
In sum, then, Punjab Tenancy Act, 1887, was a means of strengthening the tenant and protecting him from the landlord’s exploitation – at least on paper.
Punjab Tenancy Act of 1887 awarded tenants of certain categories occupancy rights
Land Alienation Act 1901
This act – a very important one in the economic life of the Punjab during the British Raj – impacted many spheres of its financial existence from money lending to revenue collection. The Act provided protection to small cultivating owners from loss of their land to money lenders, i.e. non-cultivating owners. It also prevented the transfer of land from cultivating owners – i.e. the landlords – to non-cultivating owners.
It can be said that this act effectively sealed the fate of the farmers in our part of the world, creating for good the idle intermediary of the absentee landlord, whose only job was to live off the cultivation of his tenant. Much of the subcontinent, especially Pakistan, employs this system to this very day.
British vs. Mughals: Who is Responsible for Creating the Absentee Landlord?
In light of these facts, we can observe that it was in fact the British and their land revenue system that created the zamindars of the subcontinent, making them the parasitical existence that they are today. It was their gradual restructuring of the land-tenure system – from the 1793 introduction of Permanent Settlement to the 1901 Land Alienation Act – that saw to it that the peasants of the region falling under the zamindari and mahalwari systems could not gain ownership of the land they themselves tilled. It was their doing that the cultivators of the land were reduced to mere tenants of the “landlords”, who refused them the right to live off their own hard work. Instead, they – the landlords – lived off the tenants’ hard work while doing nothing themselves. Therefore, it is about time we started laying the blame where it’s due, and whenever we choose to lament our unshakable feudal tradition, not forget to blame our ex-British masters for blessing us with this deep-rooted curse we the Pakistanis have not been able to get rid of even after six-and-a-half decades of independence.
After the British: What Has Pakistan Done About It
M. Masud wrote in his famous Minute of Dissent , a report that he compiled for the Hari Enquiry Committee in 1949: “The hari and the zamindar represent two extremes of mankind; one lives in the height of depravity and misery, the other in the height of luxury and extravagance. The population of haris is roughly 20 lacs and that of the big zamindars owning land over 500 acres is about seven thousands. The luxurious life of a small section of zamindars has created a very great misery for the majority of human beings living in Sind, namely the haris. The hari is degraded to the lowest level because the land on which he depends for his existence is under the absolute control of the zamindar who can evict him at any time.”
M. Masud wrote these words in 1949, but they are equally true, today. In 2010, MQM’s Mustafa Kamal echoed Masud’s words when he said on a local TV channel:
“Our entire society has cancer. It has developed a tumour… the tumor of the Jagirdar and Wadera system. And we need to get rid of it. […] The body which is Pakistan is in the ICU, we need to decide whether we have to get the tumour of the feudal system out of this body or let it collapse. Who will make the laws? Those who are breaking the law themselves? How will someone who takes a loan and doesn’t pay it off, make a law against himself? The flour hoarder, its price inflator, its smuggler is sitting in the parliament, the sugar price inflator is sitting in the parliament, how will he make the laws? Those who bury women alive are sitting in the parliament, how will they make laws for the poor?”
To this day, MQM remains the only party in Pakistan to include the abolition of the feudal system in its chief objectives. Meanwhile parties like Pakistan Tehrik-i-Insaf – the self-proclaimed providers of public justice, and initiators of change – lend help from feudal lords like Shah Mehmood Qureshi and stay mum on the ill-effects of the system that gave rise to Qureshi and many other of his peers – pun unintended.
Curriculum reform in Pakistan: moving to action
Moving beyond rhetoric in kashmir, natasha shahid.
Shahid Hussain, 1932-2015
Comments 10.
Dear Natasha,
your article on what is perhaps what is one of the most complex and nuanced aspects of our society is so one dimensional and just plain wrong in its assumptions I don’t know whether to laugh or cry
truly a little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
if I were you I would sue the institution that awarded you a degree. go read some history books.. they might help clear your mind a bit.
best wishes,
GV, You must have a delusional mind or never lived in a village area. These zimadars and vadara’s are like gods in the rural area and they have absolute control on the life of poor subjects. We all know where the this system originated and how rotten it is.
You did not offer any opposing arguments. What is your point of view? All the feudal landlords are saints and prophets sent by God who are here to keep people on same path. PGFY
Dear GV, Are you a landlord or related to one? A
The author forgot to mention the act passed by Zamidara League in undivided Punjab By Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan and Ch.Chotu Ram where by money lender could not take possesion of of the land,bull and the Fasal(lands yeild) if the poor land cultivater could not pay back thr loan
Great article. 🙂
INDIA PASSED ZAMINDRA ACT IN 1951. WHEREBY LANDS BEYOND 18 ACRES WERE TAKEN AWAY FROM ZAMINDARS AND PRINCELY STATES WHICH THEN WERE DISTRIBUTED AMONG TILLERS AND OTHERS. THERE WAS NO OPPOSITION.
Knowledge is no one’s zameendari gv… The real ignorant is the one who thinks it is a thing to be owned, and only a fool feels validated by criticising without reason… However it is sad that the law doesn’t allow us the justice to sue ignorant fools aswell.
Best wishes indeed.
Thanks Natasha! The article is very lucidly written and strikes the heart of the matter. The only ones who can disagree with what’s written should be the egg-headed apologists of British colonization.
WHAT I COULD UNDERSTAND FROM THIS ARTICLE IS THAT THE ZAMINDARI SYSTEM AS WAS LEFT BEHIND BY THE BRITISH RULERS IS STILL THERE .AM I RIGHT IN THIS UNDERSTANDING ? DO YOU MEAN THAT THE LAND-OWNING ZAMINDARS IN PAKISTAN EVEN TODAY ACTS LIKE AN INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN THE FARMING TENANTS AND GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN AND ENJOY THE RIGHT TO COLLECT LAGAAN LIKE TAX FROM THEIR TENANTS ? KINDLY MAKE IT MORE CLEAR TO ME ?
We too in Pakistan need to pass the Indian Zamindra Act of 1951 whereby lands beyond 18 acres must be taken away from Zamindars and Princely states and be given to tillers and others.
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May 10, 2020
Feudalism In Pakistan And Reign Of Terror
Source: Foundation for Economic Education
Well the dictionary definition of feudalism goes as, “the dominant economic, political and social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord’s land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.”
What it means for Pakistan
Source: Projects Era
In Pakistan however, it refers to the invincible power of corruption held by rich, old families and the nation’s undying skill at submitting to the injustices and cruelty, in the name of culture. The culture, which lets the rich landlords get away with almost everything including murder and multiple corruption cases. Large, powerful, landowning families are found to be terrifyingly entitled to get away with all the horrific acts, regardless of how inhumane and wrong they are. The word “feudal” is used as an adjective in the context of Pakistan usually to refer to “a relatively small group of politically active and powerful landowners” and the rest is subtext. “Feudal attitude” basically translates to “a combination of arrogance and entitlement worn with pride like a batch of honor”. According to the Pakistan Institute of Labor Education and Research (PILER), about five percent of agricultural households in Pakistan own almost two thirds of Pakistan’s entire farmland.
Remembering the insane power of corruption and cruelty, we are going to talk about the known victims of this system through out this read.
Fakhra Younus
Source: Aftenposten
Fakhra Younus Younus was a dancer in a red-light district in Pakistan who had terrible misfortune of trusting and falling in with Bilal Khar, the son of Ghulam Mustafa Khar, who himself is a former Governor and Chief Minister of Pakistan’s largest province, Punjab. They got married and stayed married for three years, until Younus finally left him with the claims that he physically and verbally abused her. She further claimed that he later visited her in May 2000 and poured acid on her, in the presence of her 5-year-old son. Younus committed suicide in 2012, at the age of thirty three by jumping from the sixth floor of a building in Rome, Italy. Her body was brought back to Pakistan by Durrani, and was wrapped in an Italian and Pakistani flag. The funeral prayer of Younus was held at Edhi home in Kharadar. She is buried at Karachi, Pakistan.
Source: Pakistan Today
Bilal Mustafa Khar is the son of Malik Ghulam Mustafa Khar who is a Pakistani politician and landlord and have served the Chief Minister of Punjab and Governor of Punjab. Malik Ghulam Khar himself, married eight times. And was accused of several hideous crimes including domestic violence, so naturally his son Bilal Mustafa Khar also followed suit and just like his father, was never punished for his terrifyingly ugly crimes.
Source: The Nation
In December 2003, judge dismissed the charges charges on his and was free once again to terrorize more women in Pakistan. Malik Ghulam Khar continued his pathetic claim of his son’s innocence, by basically calling the victim impure and basically characterless, claiming that her perpetrator was a pimp with whom his wife had been having an affair.
Tehmina Durrani
Source: Goodreads
One of Malik Ghulam Khar’s marriages was to Tehmina Durrani, a Pakistani women’s rights activist and author. Her first book, My Feudal Lord, released by Vanguard Books of Lahore in June 1991 caused controversy in Pakistan’s society by describing her abusive and traumatic marriage to Ghulam Mustafa Khar.
Source: India Today
Tehmina Durrani who is Bilal Mustafa Khar’s stepmother was the brave knight in shining armor who managed to send Fakhra Younus to Rome, Italy, for treatment. Initially she was denied a visa, but under public pressure, she was allowed to leave for Italy. Tehmina Durrani engaged the Italian cosmetic firm Saint Angelic and Italian government to treat her. Smile Again, an Italian NGO head by Clarice Felli entered Pakistan to assist in the care of mutilated women.
Source: tribune
Feudal Paradigm
Source: Bisouv
The democratic framework in Pakistan is constructed on the basis of a huge number of causes, feudalism being one of the major causes, which undermines basic government and impedes social balance. Politicians of this unfortunate country however, keep insisting that democratic government is the best framework, even it has proved to be catastrophic in last seventy plus years. Feudalism is basically frequently utilized as a platform, existing for the sole purpose of portraying a power structure within a rural society. As explained by Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Mahmood Hasan Khan & M. Chaudhry Ghaffar in Land Reforms in Pakistan: a Historical Perspective “The land-tenure system which Pakistan inherited at Independence represented in many ways a symbiosis of structural relationships that permitted economic and social exploitation of the tenant by the landlord. […] This system of land tenure was characterized by absentee landlordism and led to the exploitation of tenants by the zamindars because of the highly uneven power structure inherent in the system.” According to statistical reports, 80 per cent of people elected as representatives in Punjab are feudal lords, whereas in Sindh the number hits 90 per cent. Shah Mehmood Qureshi, Jahangir Tareen and the newly elected Sindh Chief Minister Murad Ali Shah are to name a few.
Shahzeb Khan
Source: Geo TV
Shahzeb Khan was shot to death at the age of twenty by Shahrukh Jatoi and Siraj Talpur with the aid of Sajjad Talpur and Ghulam Murtaza Lashari, on 25 December 2012 in Karachi. Shahzeb was gunned down for trying to protect his sister against sexual harassment on their way home from his sister’s wedding with his other sister, when he crossed paths with Shahrukh Jatoi and his friends/servants who started throwing sexual slurs at his sister. Shahzeb, firmly ask them to stop, launched a physical assault on the boy.
A fight broke out between Shahzeb Khan and Shahrukh Jatoi and his friends, Shahzenb’s father, DSP Aurangzeb Khan sensing the danger of his son standing to this feudal landlord, quickly intervened to resolve the conflict and seemingly succeeded on a good note. After Shahruk Jatoi and his friends left And everything appeared resolved and normal, Shahzeb, oblivious to the lingering danger and vengefulness of this Sindhi landlord, decided to have tea with is friends. He drove near Mubarak Masjid, where Talpur and his friend Shahrukh Jatoi followed him, along with Jatoi’s armed guards and started shooting at the car. Four 9mm bullets pierced through his car to enter his body, leaving him severely injured and eventually murdered, silencing the voice of anyone who ever dared to have a voice against the corrupt power of feudalism in Pakistan. According to several records claiming that after mowing down Shahzeb Khan, Shahrukh Jatoi went back to shoot more bullets into the injured twenty year old to make sure he never wakes up.
Source: UrduNews
Shahrukh Jatoi is the son of a feudal landlord Sikandar Jatoi, and this factor alone, belonging to one of most influential feudal families in Pakistan, who have connections to people in all of the powerful positions, enables this murdered to get away with any and every crime, including sexual, murder, illegal possession of weapons, fleeing country on false documents and lying on the stand about his age. Now regarding the fact that Jatoi basically lied on the stand and there were actually twenty two witnesses to his ugly crime and Shahzeb’s sister also testified the events of the night, ATC finally awarded death penalty to Jatoi and Siraj Talpur on 7th June, 2013, for Shahzeb Khan’s sadistic murder and Siraj Talpur’s younger brother Sajjad Ali Talpur and his servant Ghulam Murtaza Lashari were sentenced a life in prison. The retrials were held at Sindh High Court which revoked the punishments previously awarded to reopen the case on 28th November 2017.
British Lagacy
Source: Twitter @Jeroriain
Feudalism in Pakistan, is what our British rulers left behind, it’s their legacy in Pakistan, except for the fact that they got over it years ago while we’re still clinging to the toxic paradigm for the sake of the momentum of things. All that because we simply do not want to stop and reflect on how things really are, because we are just so terrified of change that we don’t want to grow but keep repeating the same old mistakes, regardless of how destructive they really are. We want to keep repeating the mistakes because they are, even though toxic, but still familiar. Feudal system in Pakistan, inherited from the horrifically biased British social and economical system where a labor or worker is known as a vassal have to serve king’s land to get a chance at owning the piece of land in return. Basically British rulers introduced three land revenue systems, that is the zamindari system, the ryotwari system and the mahalwari system. As is commonly called “wadera system” or “jagidarana nizam”.
Wali Khan Babar
Source: Committee to Protect Journalists
Wali Khan Babar was a twenty eight year old Pakistani journalist working for GEO News who was killed by gunmen in the Liaquatabad area of Karachi. Wali Khan Babar was gunned down on January 13, 2011, when he was returning home from the office. His murderers Saulat Mirza and Faisal Mota who are target killers of Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), were sentenced to death by the court on March 10, 2015. Later in the year, police said that at least 17 men were involved in the murder plot. Several witnesses in the murder case have been killed including a police informant, two police constables, and the brother of an investigating officer. Syed Mohammad Ali Rizvi, Shahrukh alias Mani, Naveed alias Polka and Shakil alias Malik had also been indicted for the murder.
Source: Dawn
“One of the constables, Asif Rafiq, was on the scene when Babar was murdered and had identified the plotters’ vehicle. On November 10, 2012, two gunmen aboard a motorcycle killed Haidar Ali, the only remaining witness in the case, near his home in the Soldier Bazaar area of Karachi. He was due to testify in court two days later,” according to CPJ. On August 18, 2017 the Sindh High Court (SHC) overturned the death sentence of Faisal Mehmood, alias Mota who is the main accused in 2011 murder case of Babar, the primary accused in the Wali Khan Babar case and ordered a retrial by the lower courts.
Major Feudal Wealth
Source: World — Time
Old feudal families in Pakistan actually possess hundreds and, in some cases, even thousands of acres of land, while making little or near negligible direct contribution to agricultural production, which is handled by common people who live at subsistence level, starving with no access to education or any form of humane opportunities to build a better life for themselves. All the while, Feudal landlords basically build a form of kingdom for themselves, a state within a state where they can be kings of ruling over poor people, their own believers, enough to make them take decisions of several lives and even deaths in their own hands.
Mukhtar Mai
Source: India Times
Mukhtaran Bibi now known as Mukhtar Mai, who survived gang rape at hand of feudalism, is a Pakistani woman from the village of Meerwala, in the rural county of Jatoi of the Muzaffargarh District of Pakistan. In June 2002, Mukhtar Mai was the survivor of a gang rape as a form of honour revenge, on the orders of a tribal council of the local Mastoi Baloch clan that was richer and more powerful as opposed to her Tatla clan in that region.
Even though Pakistani custom actually expected Mukhtar Mai to commit suicide after being raped, Mukhtaran spoke up, and pursued the case, which was picked up by both domestic and international media. On 1 September 2002, an anti-terrorism court sentenced 6 men, including the 4 rapists to death for rape. In 2005, the Lahore High Court cited “insufficient evidence” and acquitted 5 of the 6 convicted, and commuted the punishment for the sixth man to a life sentence. Mukhtaran and the government appealed this decision, and the Supreme Court suspended the acquittal and held appeal hearings. In 2011, the Supreme Court too acquitted the accused.
Even now, while the safety of Mukhtaran, and her family and friends, has been in jeopardy. Mukhtar Mai remains an outspoken advocate for women’s rights. She started the Mukhtar Mai Women’s Welfare Organization to help support and educate Pakistani women and girls.
Abdul Shakoor
Source: BBC News
Abdul Shakoor called Shakur with love by his family, is Mukhtar Mai’s 12-year-old brother, was abducted by three baloch Mastoi men. He was taken to a sugar field where he was gang raped and sodomized repeatedly. When the boy refused to stay silent about the incident, he was kept imprisoned in the home of Abdul Khaliq, a Mastoi man. When police came to investigate, Shakoor was instead accused of having an affair with Khaliq’s sister, Salma Naseen, who was in her late 20s at the time. Shakoor was then arrested on charges of adultery but later released. In later trials, Shakoor’s rapists were convicted of sodomy and sentenced to 5 years of imprisonment.
Source: Tribune India
The Mastoi tribal council called jirga convened separately regarding Shakoor’s alleged affair with Naseen. They concluded that Shakoor should marry Naseen while Mai who is a Gujar tribeswoman, be married to a Mastoi man. Villagers rejected this conclusion due to the belief that adultery must be punished with adultery. Mai was called to the council to apologize to the Mastoi tribe for her brother’s actions. When she arrived, she was dragged to a nearby hut where she was gang raped in retaliation by 4 Mastoi men while an additional 10 people watched. Following the rape, she was paraded nude through the village. Her clothes were presented as evidence in court and following the medical examination of Mukhtaran and chemical analysis of her clothes at least two semen stains were revealed.
Political Influence Of Feudalism in Pakistan
Source: Global Village Space
Pakistan’s major political parties are held by a bunch of feudal landlords, and more than two thirds of the National Assembly that is the lower house of the legislature, is composed of feudal class. Topped with the fact that most of the key executive posts in the provinces are held by them. To begin with, the Pakistan Muslim League party which layed Pakistan’s foundation about more than seventy years ago, was almost completely dominated by feudal lords such as the Zamindars, Jagirdars, Nawabs, Nawabzadas, Mansabdars, Arbabs, Makhdooms, and Sardars, the sole exception being the Jinnahs who were merchants and lawyers and the Sharifs who were industrialists. But the power is corrupted to the inhumane level of evil. “The feudal system and bribery are the root causes of many evils in Pakistan and they must be rooted out.” This was stated by the Deputy Attorney-General of Pakistan, Abdul Fateh Malik. It is not just rural landed illiterates which are accused of the curse of this feudal mindset, but also urban mafias which have been smitten by this evil. Both run private torture cells, private jails and armed criminal gangs and are involved in land grabbing, and prevail on law enforcement agencies, exploiting their political influences, each joining every government that is in power in their province or at federal level.
This one, is personal. I don’t know how I remember this considering Shehnaz died when I was 4 years old, so I wouldn’t dare make any claim on it but I remember. She was our maid, And I’m going to tell her story today, as I remember it and I remember my 4 year old self crying about it, possibly traumatized, which would explain why I remember it still. I remember her as a skinny young girl wiping the floor in her unusually colorful clothes, I remember her beautiful brown face with black, I have this image of her like a flash memory.
She was nice to me, pretty friendly, and I remember myself evesdropping from the open front door, as some woman tells my mom that the nineteen year old Shehnaz ran away with a guy she loved but her family found her order of the tribal council and beat her until her legs broke and she was disabled, and more over she was forced into marriage with a fifty year old from her tribe as a punishment. And they killed her lover. Shehnaz died a year after her marriage, possible in child birth.
I may not be able to authenticate details of Shehnaz’s story but Abdul Shakoor, Mukhtar Mai, Wali Khan Babar, Tehmina Durrani, Fakhra Younus, Shahzeb Khan and then those who did not receive media coverage, they suffer still. Is there hope?
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Feudalism in Pakistan: Myth or Reality/Challenges to Feudalism
U Javaid, TA Ranjha, Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, Vol. 54, No. 1, 2017, 227:235
9 Pages Posted: 6 Apr 2021
Umbreen Javaid
University of the Punjab (PU) - Centre for South Asian Studies
Tehmina Aslam Ranjha
School of Integrated Social Sciences (SISS), University of Lahore (UOL)
Date Written: January 1, 2017
Feudalism is a system of landownership by superior classes in special relation to the royal or state power. Its a system of receiving land from a king and in return working and fighting for him. The feudal system revolves not around the matriarchal system but around the patriarchal system of family in which the male head takes care of the family, which is commonly a large joint family, and looks after the land he owns in inheritance. Feudalism in Pakistan, which is a descendent of Indian feudalism, has its roots and characteristics entrenched in local history (such as the influence and intent of invaders) and society (such as the social structure), though there might be certain similarities between Medieval Europe and Medieval India in the realm of feudalism. Land reforms are a method to reallocate rights to distribute land more equitably. In Pakistan, land reforms introduced in 1959 made the ceiling of ownership at 500 acres of irrigated land and 1000 acres of non-irrigated land or 36.000 produce index units. The paper examines the decline of feudalism in Pakistan and also discusses the major challenges to feudalism in India and Pakistan.
Keywords: Feudalism, Pakistan, India, Land Reforms, Agriculture
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
University of the Punjab (PU) - Centre for South Asian Studies ( email )
Pakistan Lahore, Punjab 54000 Pakistan
Tehmina Aslam Ranjha (Contact Author)
School of integrated social sciences (siss), university of lahore (uol) ( email ).
1 - KM Defence Road Campus 54000 Lahore, PA Punjabn 54000 Pakistan
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The Rise and Fall of Feudalism Federation is a word that describes the United States government. A Federal government is defined as the act of federalizing or joining separate organizations (Answers 1). In the United States, the three branches of government (1). In the Middle Ages most governments changed and rarely stayed the same for really long periods of time. Many things would happen in each country that would change the type of government that each one had. Especially, during the Middle
The Origins and Development of Feudalism
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Although scholars dispute its roots, Feudalism was mostly seen in Frankish lands around the 9th and 10th century. ("Feudalism: History of Feudalism in Europe." Infoplease.) The system was first introduced as a means of protection for the king. However, as time grew the opportunity to use it as means of exchange for services between the king and vassal was found. Instead of just forcing people into the king’s army the idea of giving fiefs to those who would pledge their life to service the king was
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Feudalism Inequalities
Feudalism in the middle ages research paper.
In the Middle Ages, the people heavily relied on feudalism as a social system in Europe. Feudalism gained popularity after William I and his Norman soldiers seized the English land. In exchange for the military services, King William I showed gratitude to his army by dividing portions of land to each of them. The lands were called manors and the soldiers were titled lords. “It was a simple, but effective system, where
Essay on What Is Feudal Warfare
Feudalism was a contrasting system dealing with political and military relationships existing among members of the higher social class, Kings, Lords and other owners of large lands in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. The Feudal system started by the granting of fiefs, chiefly in the form of land and labor, in return the lord would receive political and
How Stability was Maintained during the Middle-Ages
Feudalism – a social structure and hierarchy containing mutual duties and obligations. Stability is maintained as long as the system doesn’t change. Physical power resides with the king and nobles through their knights. The Church’s power resides through controlling people’s beliefs. Serfs were tied to the land. The Black Death, however, brought about such massive changes in demographics / population that the demand for a limited labor source (the peasants) meant that this social group at the bottom of the social ladder grew in importance (as seen in the 1381 Peasants revolt) that drastic change and the end of the feudal structure was inevitable.
The bases of feudalism is best described as a social system in Europe throughout the Middle Ages where individuals worked and battled for upper class who gave them protection and the use of the land in return for their services (Merriam-Webster). “Feudalism” is not a medieval term and not even a translation of a medieval concept (Abels 2010; Brown 2010; Bouchard 1998). In our day and time Feudalism would be difficult and baffling in several ways, but some may feel that we would benefit from it.
Magna Carta Declaration Of Independence
During the medieval times Kings had absolute power and the Catholic Church made sure God help the King retain this power. During this time feudalism was the structure that shaped society. In the feudalism structure the people that work the land the poor got cero power and live at the mercy of the barons. Barons where the owners of the land that people where let to work and make really low amounts of money while the baron sells and exchange the goods produced by the land and makes a fortune. At the end of the day the land belongs to the king and the king taxes the barons and collects money from all the land making him very, very wealthy and powerful.
Essay on How The Middle Ages Earned Its Many Titles
During the middle ages the lack of protection and a stable government after the Fall of Rome created the need for a new political system. Feudalism was the political system that emerged and shaped the lives of people socially and politically. Manors were small communities that were made up of a castle, church, village, and land for farming. The structured society provided a place and responsibility for everyone. The feudal obligations showed that in exchange for one thing they would be provided with something else. Serfs and peasants would work and produce goods for the rest of the manor and in return had their land and promised protection. The vassals would need to obtain land from the Lord and in return would provide the Lord with military service, loyalty, and ransom if asked for (Doc. 4). To make clear the vassal’s specific allegiance to their lord whom they owed in for exchange for their fief they would take the Homage Oath (Doc. 2). This interdependent system required everyone to do their part and it created social classes that they were born into. Their daily lives were centered on the manor and that was how it stayed until towns began to
Ap Euro Feudalism Essay
Feudalism: A dominant political and social system used in Western-Medieval Europe from the 9th to 12th century. The Feudal system was based on reciprocal relationships, rewarding land to the lower classes for respect, legal and military service which reinforced a social hierarchy where Kings were at the top with Nobles, Knights and peasants below them.
AP European History Chapter Breakdown: AP Europe
Feudalism was the system used in Europe during the late middle ages. The economic part of feudalism was centered on the lord's estate or manor. A lord's manor consisted of a peasant village, a church, farm land, a mill and the lord's castle. Feudalism was split in society levels. Kings would be on top with the most power, then upper lords followed by lesser lords, underneath the lesser lords were the knights, and then the serfs being the lowest social class.
The Rise and Fall of Feudalism
The rise of Feudalism was a direct result of insecurity that caused by several significant historical factors. At first, the collapse of Roman Empire that led to prolonged unrest and power struggles was essentially a reason for why Europe was divided into many small states. The frequent fights among those states made people suffered from violence and insecurity. Even though Charlemagne united those states and Europe lasted for a period time of peace, Holy Roman Empire
The Role of the Black Death in the Decline of Feudalism Essay
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The feudal system began to decline after the Black Death struck Europe in the late 1340’s. The feudal system joined politics and grouped together the social classes of that period. It began with the “relationship between two freemen (men who are not serfs), a lord and his vassal. Vassal derived from a Celtic word for servant, but in feudal terms vassal meant a free person who put himself under the protection of a lord and for whom he rendered loyal military aid.” This relationship was mutually beneficial at first, but throughout the development of the system, great restrictions were endured.
The Rise Of The Middle Ages
During the High Middle Ages, there was no strong, central government that was politically organized enough to meet common needs of the people in Europe. After the fall of Charlemagne’s empire, invasions and anarchy became the societal norm. If they wanted to survive, they had to meet particular needs. The people of the High Middle Ages met their needs of political organization, economic provision, and social aspects through Feudalism, Manorialism, and through the Church.
Feudalism: What Knights Do In The Middle Ages
Feudalism was a medieval government system that a King offered Citizens fiefs or units of land for military service. This discouraged a unified government. Lords would divide their land into smaller sections. Then they would give these lands to lesser people then those people would divide their land to even lesser Knights. Next is the steps to becoming a Knight
Essay on Feudalism
Western Europe suffered numerous hardships through the ninth and tenth centuries and this was the ultimate reason they established a new political organization which was known as feudalism. By providing honor, protection, and a sense of control, this new social system revived peace and order in Western Europe after the fall of the Carolingian Empire. Feudalism was a necessary ingredient to yield stability in during these times of calamity.
The Transition from Feudalism to the Renaissance
The decline of the western part of the old Roman Empire left Europe without the laws and protection the empire had provided. The vacuum was filled by the creation of a feudal hierarchy. In this hierarchy, the serf, or peasant, was protected by the lord of the manor, who, in turn, owed allegiance to and was protected by a higher overlord. And so the system went, ending eventually with the king. The strong protected the weak, but they did so at a high price. In return for payments of money, food, labor, or military allegiance, overlords granted the fief, or feudum – a hereditary right to use land – to their vassals. At the bottom was the serf, a peasant who
The Effects of Feudalism Essay
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In Medieval times during the 10th and 13th centuries, a form of political and social organization called feudalism was a way of life that had great effect on people of the time and on the modern world. Feudalism was developed because of the weakness of Europe and it's kings. The word feudalism comes from the word fief, which was the land held on condition of feudal service, similar to an estate (English). The fiefs bound together lords and vassals. Feudalism was a structure in which a lord divided his land into smaller parts to give to lesser lords (“Feudalism”).
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"Feudalism" Essays and Research Papers
Graded Assignment Document-Based Question: Feudalism Submit this assignment to your teacher by the due date to receive full credit. (45 points) 1. To complete this Graded Assignment‚ retrieve the Feudalism DBQ. Use this document with its essay instructions and the DBQ Checklist to complete this DBQ essay. Make sure that your essay has an introduction‚ three body paragraphs‚ point-of-view analysis‚ an additional source that would strengthen the essay‚ and a conclusion. Also make sure that it addresses
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Sean Coggins Feudalism Feudalism in Europe During the Middle Ages‚ countries fought and argued for land and pride. The main goal of the leaders of these countries was to dominate the land. With several countries fighting for one cause‚ there was no chance they would resolve their differences peacefully‚ often leading to wars and conflicts. Feudalism was the staple of the European government. Although it served medieval statesmen well‚ the social structure was incredibly unbalanced‚ which was the
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miseries and robberies that succeeded the fall of the Roman Empire in the ninth century. Feudalism is a situation where there is no dominant political power or effective central leadership. In a feudal society‚ power is treated as a private possession; there is no effective state. The feudal system was designed to do a number of things‚ including participation in local government and military support of the king. Feudalism is based on mutual obligations. The feudal system was not planned but‚ rather grew
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Laase Professor Vannesson History 127 8 March 2015 Feudalism At the start of the middle ages‚ most of Europe’s many nations lacked any source of structure or government. Things were very chaotic‚ and when the king of France realized that his civilization was crumbling‚ he decided to do something about it. He started a system in which he rented out his kingdom’s land in return for money‚ labor‚ or military service. This system is known as feudalism . In many ways it was a very beneficial system‚ but
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Impact of Feudalism
Feudalism � PAGE * MERGEFORMAT �3� XXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX IMPACT OF FEUDALISM Feudalism played a major role in the reorganization of medieval Europe. Feudalism was a political system that was based on the contracts between lords and vassals‚ for land and protection. Feudalism effected political‚ social‚ religious‚ and economical aspects of the "Middle Ages". Feudalism is defined as a type of government in which political power was treated as a private possession and was divided among
Feudalism Advantages
(AGG) Feudalism was a type of system ran in the middle ages‚ it connected everyone to the community‚ so everyone contributed. (BS-1) Feudalism was a political and military system that benefitted everyone. (BS-2)Manorialism was a system within feudalism that supported the peasants and not just the higher classes. (BS-3)Shepherds contributed to the military with more money than any other job. (TS)The importance feudalism contributed to the middle ages in which everyone had a role that contributed to
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Decline Of Feudalism
In what ways and why was feudalism in Japan declining before the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1853? Japan was a feudal society in the time that the Tokugawa Shogunate was ruling. Like the Qing period in China‚ the Tokugawa period was a long‚ stable rule because it was very closed‚ hermetically sealed even. However‚ little did the Tokugawa know‚ Japan¡¦s stability of feudalism would lead to its own decline. There was‚ at the time before the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1853‚ the key factor that
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Contemporary Feudalism
Throughout history‚ we’ve seen many different types of ideologies being used by societies everywhere. From Feudalism to mercantilism‚ to the now ever-growing Capitalism‚ we’ve changed our socioeconomic structure multiple times to better suit our living needs. Although most of us would believe that we choose to live the way we do now because we now see the old ways as backwards and inhumane is some cases‚ some would argue that the very principle that capitalism is supposed to eradicate are still present
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Feudalism and Manorialism
Feudalism and Manorialism Feudalism and manorialism were very linked. They go together step by step in the Middle Ages. Feudalism concerned the rights‚ power‚ and lifestyle of the military elite: manorialism involved the service and obligations of the peasant classes. Word feudalism was invented in the 17 century by Montesquieu and popularized it in The Spirit of the Laws (1748). In the late eighteenth century people said that feudalism is the privileges of the aristocratic nobility‚ privileges
France Feudalism
The first part of European Feudalism showed up in France and Germany in the nineth and tenth centuries. This disrupted the great military force organized by the Normans. Elements of the Roman regime were transferred to European feudalism . Roman villas and their lands were granted to military leaders on a temporary basis as a reward for their loyalty to Rome and the emperor. It was also traditional for Romans to surround themselves with loyal soldiers who provided a substantial fighting force and
Medieval Feudalism
that served Medieval Europe’s function and growth‚ two of which are crime and punishment and towns‚ cities and commerce. These two societal aspects contributed to the functioning of the feudal system‚ the power of rulers and prosperity of nations. Feudalism was introduced to England and Europe when William the Conqueror successfully invaded England in 1066 and enforced the idea that In order to be successful one must be loyal to the King. To many a historian this is where the strength of Europe‚ particularly
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Feudalism and Capitalism
Communism‚ he became the opposite of capitalism. One can say that there must be a founder of the capitalist system‚ this is the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith‚ who was the first to describe the basic economic principles that define capitalism. Feudalism is the historiographical name of the political system prevailing in Western Europe the central centuries of the Middle Ages (Middle Ages‚ between the ninth to thirteenth centuries)‚ characterized by the decentralization of political power by relying
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feudalism in nigeria
Feudalism is present in Nigeria Feudalism has been around since the medieval life. The feudal system was a way of government based on responsibilities between the king or lord and vassal. The king would give large estates to his relatives‚ and these estates would range from his large assets to just a small piece of land; for example‚ farms‚ barns‚ animals and houses. And in return‚ what so ever the king asks the relatives to do they have to respond to it as the king commands. In my understanding
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Feudalism and Land
Did the Advantages of Feudalism outweigh the disadvantages? In order to attempt to answer a question such as this we must briefly describe the Feudal system then look at the advantages of having feudalism as a system and also the disadvantages and then secondly look at the alternatives if there was no such system in place. Let us first look at the Feudal system itself. The Feudal system was introduced to England and spread throughout Britain by William the Conqueror after 1066 and the Battle
Feudalism in Pakistan
Shudra’s son is deemed to be a servant for the rest of his life. There are also some similarities with the Japanese feudal system. In this research we will delve into the intricacies of the matter and will ascertain the reason for the phenomenon of feudalism and its effects on Pakistani society in general. The European Feudal Model:- We have to see the similarities between the Indian Feudal Model and the European feudal model because a lot of people confuse one with another. It will also be
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Feudalism and Br
<center><b>Essay: Explain the reasons and process of Feudalism .</b></center> <br> <br> Feudalism came to as a government containing kings‚ vassals‚ knights‚ lords‚ lesser lords‚ and peasants. Feudalism is a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their lands among lesser lords in exchange for military services and pledged loyalty. It came to as a need for control over peasants and protection from the Muslims and the Magyars. <br> <br>The relationship between lords and
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HIST 1111 22 September 2014 Feudalism and Manorialism The feudal system was a way of government based on obligations between a lord or king‚ and a vassal in a share of lands. The king gave large pieces of his land to his trusted workers or vassals‚ to distribute in return for services. These estates‚ called the fief‚ included houses‚ barns‚ tools‚ animals‚ and serfs or peasants. The king‚ in the act of giving out this land‚ promised to protect the vassal on the field or in the courts no matter
Robin Hood and Feudalism
Robin Hood and Feudalism ROBIN HOOD In the years of King Richard the Lionheart (1189-1199) there lived a brave and intelligent man called Robin Hood. He was a feared outlaw‚ who loved liberty and hated oppression. He took the law into his own hands and robbed the rich to give to the poor. People loved him and thought of him as a justice-maker. In time he acquired a heroic reputation and came to represent the ideal of heroism of his age. Stories about him and his closest friends Friar Tuck
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Feudalism and Western Europe
Feudalism Introduction Feudalism started when the Vikings came and sacked villages‚ in the ninth century. Everybody was very scared and they wanted to help and so they went to ask for help. In the Feudal system‚ Kings‚ Emperors and other heads had the whole land and then they gave bits of the land to people. In return the heads wanted them to do work for them such as farming‚ agriculture and other jobs that kings couldn’t do. There was a pyramid that had consisted of all the groups in Feudalism
The Rise and Fall of Feudalism
Xiang Wei Feudalism ‚ as a decentralized political system‚ flourished in Medieval Europe. In this essay‚ the main political and economic characteristics of Feudalism will be mentioned‚ while discussing the main historical factors to the rise and fall of feudalism . The rise of Feudalism was a direct result of insecurity that caused by several significant historical factors. At first‚ the collapse of Roman Empire that led to prolonged unrest and power struggles was essentially a reason for why Europe
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TIMES OF KARACHI
Feudalism in pakistan.
- Liaqat Ali Khan
- Modern Karachi
Facts Reporter
The Feudalism in Pakistan (Urdu: زمینداری نظام zamīndāri nizam ) has a stranglehold on the economy and politics of the nation. The feudal landlords have created states within a state where they rule their fiefs with impunity. The landlord’s influence spans over the police, bureaucracy and judiciary. The majority of the politicians in Pakistan are themselves feudal landlords.
The Bhuttos’ is one of the richest families of the subcontinent, The Bhuttos own around 40,000 acres (161874000 m² or 161.874 km²) of land in Sindh and assets worth billions of dollars.
Throughout history, feudalism has appeared in different forms. The feudal prototype in Pakistan consists of landlords with large joint families possessing hundreds or even thousands of acres of land. They seldom make any direct contribution to agricultural production. Instead, all work is done by peasants or tenants who live at subsistence level.
The landlord, by virtue of his ownership and control of such vast amounts of land and human resources, is powerful enough to influence the distribution of water, fertilisers, tractor permits and agricultural credit and, consequently exercises considerable influence over the revenue, police and judicial administration of the area. The landlord is, thus, lord and master. Such absolute power can easily corrupt, and it is no wonder that the feudal system there is humanly degrading.
The system, which some critics say is parasitical at its very root, induces a state of mind which may be called the feudal mentality. This can be defined as an attitude of selfishness and arrogance on the part of the landlords. It is all attitude nurtured by excessive wealth and power, while honesty, justice, love of learning and respect for the law have all but disappeared. Having such a mentality, when members of feudal families obtain responsible positions in civil service, business, industry and politics, their influence is multiplied in all directions. Indeed the worsening moral, social, economic and political crisis facing this country can be attributed mainly to the powerful feudal influences operating there.
Although the system has weakened over the years through increased industrialization, urbanization and land reforms such as those introduced by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, oligarchs still hold much power in the politics of Pakistan due to their financial backing, rural influence and family led politics which involves whole families to be in politics at any one time and cross marriages between large feudal families to create greater influence. Many children of feudal families are also argued to take up bureaucratic roles to support family agendas.
To begin with, the Pakistan Muslim League , the party laying Pakistan’s foundation 53 years ago, was almost wholly dominated by feudal lords such as the Zamindars , Jagirdars , Nawabs , Nawabzadas , Mansabdars , Arbabs , Makhdooms , and Sardars , the sole exception being the Jinnahs (merchants and lawyers) and the Sharifs (industrialists). Pakistan’s major political parties are feudal-oriented, and more than two-thirds of the National Assembly (lower house of the legislature) is composed of this class. Besides, most of the key executive posts in the provinces are held by them.
Through the 1950s and the 1960s the feudal families retained control over national affairs through the bureaucracy and the armed forces. Later, in 1972, they assumed direct power and retained it until the military regained power recently. Thus, any political observer can see that this oligarchy, albeit led by and composed of different men at different times, has been in power since Pakistan’s inception.
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Its a really great post iv saw, thanks!
Pakistan pa qabza hi Feudal ne kee q k Muslim League ko toh hijack ker lia gaya. “Iqbal ka khwaab and Jinnah ki taabeer”. India me Congress ko buissness class ne support ker rahe thain toh wahan se Feudalism khatam hogai. Aur yahan toh Mullah, Military, jageerdaar is tarah k log ka Ittehad bun gaya toh aaj tak Feudalism qayam hai. Taarikh me yeh baat maujood hai k Aalam-e-Islam me aik bahot bara tanaza khara hua tha. Jab Iraq-Iran-Shaam fatah hua toh acres zameen maujood thee. Aik lobby thee jo k aksariyat me thee, jin-hone Hazrat Umar-bin-khattab ko kaha k humain jageerain dee jayein. Hazrat Umar R.A bahot aalishan aadmi thain. Unhone kaha, “ nahi “. Qoran ki roshni me yeh maalay-ganeemat nahi hai yeh maal-e-fay hai:- state owned hoga, Maal-e-ganeemat taqseem hota hai. Hua kya k wo lobby jo aksariyat me thee aur bahot taqatwar, baray moyassar, baray muttabbar log thain aur un k leader’s me se aik ibn-e-bilal b thain. Umar-ibne-bin-khattab ne kaha is tarah toh galat reewayat Islam pa pad jayegi jageerdaaree k aur mainy yeh nahi hone dena. Aur itna pressure build kia In Hazraat ne k Hazrat Umar R.A pa k Hazrat Umar R.A ko Hazrat Ali R.A se raabta ker k unhe confidence me lena pada aur un k saath yeh masla share kerna pada. Hazrat Ali R.A ne b Hazrat Umar R.A ko support kia aur phir dunya kee taarikh ki baat nahi aur sirf Islam kee taarikh me nahi, poori dunya me pehli dafa kahin Land reform commission bana toh wo aaj Hazrat Umar bin khattab k zamanay me bana. Aaj yeh kya harkatein kerte hain musalman. Aur Iqbal ne kaha k “ khud badalte nahi qoran ko badal dete hain”. Us waqt mauqa parasht Politician thain. Jinnah sb. toh aatay hi ruqsat hogyein. Aik parliamentarian kehta hai k jo quomain apni tareekh distort kerti hai usko un ki haalat aik burhay jaisi hoti hai hai jiski nazar bahot kamzor ho chuki ho, usko dhundhla dikhai deta ho aur wo apne nazar ki aainak apne haathon se tod di. Aaj hum apni generation ko jhut feed kertay hain toh un k paas fact sheet toh hoti hi nahi. Agar data aap computer ko b galat feed karenge toh even computer will not b able to give right answer.. Agar kisi b Huq-maraan ki Asal chehra dekhna ho toh dekhe us k daurr me awaam kis haal me thain… Jab 2012 k daurr me huq-mraan aisay hai jo k aaj world global village bun chukka hai, dunya aap k remote pa hai, aap live dekh sakte hain k kahan kya ho raha hai. Abhi k daur r me huqumraanon ki yeh badmashi hai toh past me musalman huqumraan k kya haal hoga….
it is definitely a great artice
DANGEROUS FAMILIES,RICHEST POLITICAL BUREAUCRACY ROOTS FOCUS TO PERMANENT EXECUTIVE-CIVIL SERVICES PAKISTAN,NECESSITY STATE,STATE OF EMERGENCY.REGRETED PCO99.NOT IMPLEMENTED REASONS[THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE HAVE ALL VERBAL POWERS OF STATE AND NO BODY CHALLENGE HIM IN ANY COURT] OCTOBER 12,1999.REPEAT EMERGENCY MB ON FAILURE WORST.ALL RELIGIOUS ARMED FORCES COMMISSIONED OFFICERS.AT FAILURE.POOR VERSUS RICHEST FAMILIES.CIVIL WAR PAKISTAN AS IRAQ-EGYPT-SYRIA-ETC.OKAY,55_1728/CEO.
[…] The system, which some critics say is parasitical at its very root, induces a state of mind which may be called the feudal mentality. This can be defined as an attitude of selfishness and arrogance on the part of the landlords. It is all attitude nurtured by excessive wealth and power, while honesty, justice, love of learning and respect for the law have all but disappeared. Having such a mentality, when members of feudal families obtain responsible positions in civil service, business, industry and politics, their influence is multiplied in all directions. Indeed the worsening moral, social, economic and political crisis facing this country can be attributed mainly to the powerful feudal influences operating there.Although the system has weakened over the years through increased industrialization, urbanization and land reforms such as those introduced by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, oligarchs still hold much power in the politics of Pakistan due to their financial backing, rural influence and family led politics which involves whole families to be in politics at any one time and cross marriages between large feudal families to create greater influence. Many children of feudal families are also argued to take up bureaucratic roles to support family agendas.To begin with, the Pakistan Muslim League, the party laying Pakistan’s foundation 53 years ago, was almost wholly dominated by feudal lords such as the Zamindars, Jagirdars, Nawabs, Nawabzadas, Mansabdars, Arbabs, Makhdooms, and Sardars, the sole exception being the Jinnahs (merchants and lawyers) and the Sharifs (industrialists). Pakistan’s major political parties are feudal-oriented, and more than two-thirds of the National Assembly (lower house of the legislature) is composed of this class. Besides, most of the key executive posts in the provinces are held by them.Through the 1950s and the 1960s the feudal families retained control over national affairs through the bureaucracy and the armed forces. Later, in 1972, they assumed direct power and retained it until the military regained power recently. Thus, any political observer can see that this oligarchy, albeit led by and composed of different men at different times, has been in power since Pakistan’s inception.(Reference) […]
its really an amazing article…..i like it
^Descriptive.. Good
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COMMENTS
Feudalism serves as the whipping boy of Pakistan's intelligentsia. Yet, to my knowledge few serious studies have been published on the nature and extent of feudal power in Pakistan, and none to my knowledge on the hegemony which feudal culture enjoys in this country."
Feudalism, a curse that has lingered since independence in 1947, is often seen as the biggest blight on Pakistan's development. In the old days the zamindars (landowners), empowered by British...
Feudalism in Pakistan The Zamindarana Nizam or Feudal system is a phenomenon that has affected Pakistan's history time and again; sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse. There are many salient features of the Feudal system in Pakistan.
There are many salient features of the Feudal system in Pakistan. They are large landholdings by joint families; Lambardari of the local landlord family, work done by peasants or mazeras, complete rule of the landlord in the vicinity and often its surroundings too, debt bondage and sometimes absentee landlordism.
Feudalism Is a Major Obstacle in The Way of Social Mobility in Pakistan Pakistan is an under develop country. Pakistan faced political instability through out its history since 1947 to date. Then Pakistan was bound to face four martial laws due to instable political situation in the country.
Origin Of Feudalism. 1481 Words6 Pages. Feudalism is an economic concept, in which we discuss feudal relations with the state and society. It is consider as an activity of power rule and economic dominancy by the ruling class in the society. Therefore, feudalism used as an activity of power which has great impact on socio-economic and political ...
There are many salient features of the Feudal system in Pakistan. They are large landholdings by joint families; Lambardari of the local landlord family, work done by peasants or mazeras, complete rule of the landlord in the vicinity and often its surroundings too, debt bondage and sometimes absentee landlordism.
Feudalism was a political and economic system in the Middle Ages. It occured from around the 5th century to the 12th century. It is based on land ownership, loyalty, and protective alliances. European feudalism rose when invaders started to attack Europe and it only existed in some parts of Europe.
Those feudal families joined Muslim League when they saw that Pakistan was going to be a reality and inherited power after the death of the founding father. Feudalism has now become a severe migraine for the nation. Democracy and feudalism are incompatible. Change of faces at the wheel has not served any purpose.
Feudalism in Western Europe ceased to exist towards the end of the Middle Ages in the 1500s, while feudal Japan ended in the 1600s. Both of these events were marked by widespread unification that led to the predecessors of the territories that we are familiar with today. Interestingly, it does not appear that feudalism exists in the world today.
The feudal archetype in Pakistan consists of landlords with large joint families possessing hundreds or even thousands of acres of land. They seldom make any direct contribution to agricultural production. Instead, all work is done by peasants or tenants who live at subsistence level.
Pakistan is one of the leading regions where slavery is still functional - thanks in much part to feudalism The acquisition of land by the British was a gradual process Basic Land Tenure Structure introduced by the British Colonizers
Essay On Feudalism In Pakistan 4.7/5 Area 1,311 sq ft 4423 Orders prepared Some attractive features that you will get with our write essay service Grab these brilliant features with the best essay writing service of PenMyPaper.
The democratic framework in Pakistan is constructed on the basis of a huge number of causes, feudalism being one of the major causes, which undermines basic government and impedes social balance. Politicians of this unfortunate country however, keep insisting that democratic government is the best framework, even it has proved to be ...
Feudalism in Pakistan, which is a descendent of Indian feudalism, has its roots and characteristics entrenched in local history (such as the influence and intent of invaders) and society (such as the social structure), though there might be certain similarities between Medieval Europe and Medieval India in the realm of feudalism.
Essay On Feudalism In Pakistan | Top Writers Hand-selected US and UK writers Estelle Gallagher #6 in Global Rating Order preparation While our expert is working on your order, you will be able to communicate with them and have full control over the process. Applied Sciences This phone number format is not recognized.
Feudalism was a system of cooperation among peoples which was basically an exchange of land. In this system there was no coin currency involved. An aristocrat, a person of upper class nobility, would give vassals, men who would give protection to the lord in exchange for land, land in exchange. 858 Words. 2 Pages.
it is wrong to steal from the rich to give to the poor. However, Robin Hood is morally and ethically correct due to the the principle of sowing and reaping negatively acting upon Prince John, the fact that feudalism kept the rich wealthy, and the truth that the harsh form of Pakistani feudalism remains by the peasants' lack of courage to uprise against the government.
Indian feudalism refers to the feudal society that made up India 's social structure until the Mughal Dynasty in the 16th century. The Guptas and the Kushans played a major role in the introduction and practice of feudalism in India, and are examples of the decline of an empire caused by feudalism. A Maratha Durbar showing the Chief ( Raja) and ...
"Feudalism" Essays and Research Papers. Sort By: Satisfactory Essays. Good Essays. Better Essays. Powerful Essays. Best Essays. Good Essays. Feudalism. 985 Words ... Feudalism in Pakistan. 2968 Words; 12 Pages; Feudalism in Pakistan. Shudra's son is deemed to be a servant for the rest of his life. There are also some similarities with the ...
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The Feudalism in Pakistan (Urdu: زمینداری نظام zamīndāri nizam) has a stranglehold on the economy and politics of the nation. The feudal landlords have created states within a state where they rule their fiefs with impunity. The landlord's influence spans over the police, bureaucracy and judiciary. The majority of the politicians in Pakistan are themselves…
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