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- Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting
Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting
Published on May 28, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on November 1, 2022.
Turabian is a version of Chicago style that’s specifically designed for students and researchers. If you’ve been told to follow Chicago style when writing your academic research paper , thesis , or dissertation , it’s usually the Turabian guidelines that will be most useful to you.
Table of contents
What is turabian style, how do citations work in turabian style, notes and bibliography style, author-date style, turabian formatting guidelines.
Kate L. Turabian published the first edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations —often called “Turabian” for short—in 1937. The ninth and latest edition was published in 2018.
Where the Chicago Manual of Style is mainly aimed at publishers, Turabian is specifically aimed at students. Turabian is not a separate style from Chicago, but rather presents Chicago guidelines in a way that prioritizes student needs.
As such, Turabian differs from Chicago only in minor ways—formatting advice tailored to student papers, greater detail regarding specific citation formats —and the Turabian guidelines are the ones you should follow in your papers.
Chicago and Turabian style both offer a choice between two citation styles: notes and bibliography, and author-date:
- In notes and bibliography style , citations appear in footnotes or endnotes, with a bibliography or annotated bibliography at the end listing all your sources in full. This style is popular in the humanities.
- In author-date style , in-text citations appear in parentheses, with a reference list listing all your sources at the end. This style is mainly used in the sciences.
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There are two parts to a notes and bibliography citation: a Chicago footnote in the text, and an entry in your bibliography . You add a citation for all sources, whether they are primary or secondary sources , or tertiary sources .
Footnotes and endnotes
Citations in your text appear in footnotes or endnotes; the first citation of each source provides full information, while subsequent citations of the same source are usually shortened to save space.
A note is signaled by a superscript number appearing at the end of the clause or sentence the citation relates to. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear at the end of the paper. Use one or the other, not a mix of footnotes and endnotes.
Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion.” 1
Bibliography
The bibliography lists full information on all the sources cited in your text. It appears at the end of your text. Bibliography entries are alphabetized by authors’ last names, so names are inverted in the bibliography with a comma separating them (e.g. “Smith, John”).
Each source is listed on a new line, with a hanging indent applied when an entry for a single source extends onto additional lines. An example of a properly formatted Turabian bibliography is shown below.
In the tabs below, you can explore examples of various common source types cited in Turabian notes and bibliography style. It’s always important to make sure you use credible sources .
Notes and bibliography citation examples
- Book chapter
- Journal article
Author-date style consists of short parenthetical in-text citations that correspond to entries in your reference list .
In-text citations
Author-date in-text citations consist of the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number (or other locator) if relevant. They appear at the end of the relevant clause or sentence, before any closing punctuation .
Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion” (Swafford 1992, 518).
Reference list
The reference list provides full information on all the sources cited. It is presented in a similar format to the bibliography, except that the year comes immediately after the author’s name, to allow for easy cross-referencing with the in-text citations.
Explore the tabs below to see examples of author-date citations for various common source types.
Author-date citation examples
Unlike the Chicago Manual itself, Turabian presents guidelines for formatting an academic paper, thesis, or dissertation. The following general format guidelines should be followed unless your university provides different ones:
- Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New Roman.
- Double-space the text.
- Use 1 inch margins or larger.
- Indent new paragraphs by ½ inch.
- Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.
The image below shows an example of a page formatted according to Turabian guidelines.
You can also download one of our template documents for Turabian style. Just select the citation style you need to follow; the appropriate formatting is already set up in the document.
Author-date Notes and bibliography
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Example Turabian Style Paper
- January 17, 2020
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Recently, the Academics Department and Distance Education Department at Manna University collaborated on an example Turabian style paper for assisting students in our Bible and Theology courses at both the Undergraduate and Graduate levels. Please note that our Bachelor of Arts in Christian Counseling, Master of Arts in Christian Leadership, and Graduate-level Christian Counseling courses utilize APA Style.
If you are a current Manna U student, and have specific questions about writing papers in Turabian, Chicago, or APA style, please contact the Manna U Writing Center at [email protected] .
Manna U has created an Example Turabian Paper that shows how to properly format the:
- page numbering
- section headings
- footnotes ( including how to cite scripture )
- bibliography page
This paper is intended to show examples of formatting according to A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Ninth Edition by Kate Turabian , revised by Wayne C. Booth , Gregory G. Colomb , Joseph M. Williams , Joseph Bizup , William T. FitzGerald , and the University of Chicago Press Editorial Staff.
Follow these links for detailed examples of:
CITATION QUICK GUIDE https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/turabian-notes-and-bibliography-citation-quick-guide.html
PAPER-FORMATTING TIP SHEETS https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/Student-Tip-Sheets.html
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Turabian Style Quick-Guide
Examples are from Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (6th ed.)
Turabian Style suggests that writers in the humanities use footnote references to cite sources. A professor may also require a bibliography page. You should indicate sources for quotations (exact words) and paraphrases (ideas stated in your words) in your writing. A superscript numeral in the text indicates the use of an outside source; the corresponding footnote at the bottom of the page provides the source’s complete publication information.
Turabian Bibliography Page
Below are a list of some of the most commonly used citation categories and examples of what information should be included in that citation, as well as how the information should be arranged. When you need to cite a source, follow these steps:
Decide to which category your source belongs. Is it a book? Anthology? Online source? Journal article? Etc.?
Collect the necessary information from your source. Sometimes this takes a bit of digging, especially with the online sources.
Arrange the vital information exactly as it appears in the examples, including all styles and punctuation.
Once you have all of your citations written, arrange them in alphabetical order depending on the first word in the
citation on a “Bibliography” page at very end of your paper.
BASIC FORMAT FOR A BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRY (BOOK):
Franklin, John Hope. George Washington Williams: A Biography . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
A WORK WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS:
Quirk, Randolf, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language . London, England: Longman Group Limited, 1985.
AN ARTICLE IN A PRINT JOURNAL (PAGINATED BY VOLUME):
Watson, George J. “Cultural Imperialism: An Irish View.” The Yale Review 75, no. 4 (Summer 1986): 503-16.
AN ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE:
Savalis, Telly. “Crime Story.” Variety , 24 September 1986, 74.
BOOK REVIEW IN A PRINT JOURNAL:
Rockland, James K. Review of The American Dream , by Jonathan Davies. History Journal 12, no. 1 (22 April 2000): 32-33.
Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights . December 1847. Internet on-line. Available from <http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/768>. [8 April 2020].
ONLINE DATABASE:
Rosenthal, Phil. “Last Spin for Michael J. Fox.” Chicago Sun-Time s, Late Sports Final Edition, 23 May 1999, Section 2 (Features), 31. Database on-line. Available from NewsBank/Infoweb <http://infoweb.newsbank.com>. [23 April 2000].
ERIC DOCUMENT:
Robson, Barbara. The Cubans: Their History and Culture . Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, Refugee Service Center, 1996. ERIC, ED 398322.
Turabian Footnotes
Entries on footnotes differ from the bibliography page in the following ways:
Subsequent lines are not indented.
Entries are numbered.
Entries do not appear alphabetically, but they appear in the order they are referenced in the paper.
Entries begin with first name and then last name.
Publication city and publisher are in parentheses.
Entries indicate specific pages cited.
BASIC FORMAT FOR A QUOTATION, PARAPHRASE, OR SUMMARY: Text: Jevons tried to develop a program of scientific economics from Bentham’s doctrine, creating out of the combination a “calculus of pleasure and pain.”1
Footnote: 1. William Stanley Jevons, The Theory of Political Economy , 2d ed. rev. (London: Macmillan, 1879), 21.
SUBSEQUENT REFERENCE TO A SOURCE ALREADY CITED:
2. Jevons, Political Economy , 27.
A WORK WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS: Two or three authors: 3. Robert Lynd and Helen Lynd, Middletown: A Study in American Culture . (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1929), 67.
Four or more authors:
4. Martin Greenberger and others, eds., Networks for Research and Education: Sharing of Computer and Information Resources Nationwide (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974), 50.
AN ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL (PAGINATED BY VOLUME):
5. Lawrence P. Smith, “Sailing Close to the Wind,” Politics in Action 10, no. 4 (1993): 82, 99-100.
6. Bruce Weber, “The Myth Maker: The Creative Mind of E. L. Doctorow,” New York Times Magazine , 20 October 1985, 42.
BOOK REVIEW IN A JOURNAL:
7. Dwight Frankfather, review of Disabled State , by Deborah A. Stone, Social Service Review 59 (September 1985): 524.
PUBLISHED INTERVIEW:
8. John Fowles, “A Conversation with John Fowles,” interview by Robert Foulke (Lyme Regis, 3 April 1984), Salmagundi , nos. 68-69 (fall 1985-winter 1986): 370.
Turabian Style Guide With Examples
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Turabian Style was developed especially for students by Kate Turabian, the dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago, and based on the Chicago style of writing. Turabian Style is used mainly for history papers, but it is sometimes used in other disciplines.
Chicago style is a standard used for formatting scholarly books. Turabian knew that most students are concerned with writing papers, so she narrowed the focus and refined the rules specifically for paper writing. Turabian style omits some of the information that is relevant for publishing, but it also departs from Chicago Style in a few other ways.
Turabian style allows writers to choose from two systems of citing information:
- The notes and bibliography method allows students will use footnotes or endnotes in the text and a bibliography at the end of the paper.
- The parenthetical method lets writers use in-text citations (similar to those used in MLA style ). Those papers would also include a reference list of works cited at the end.
Differences From MLA
ThoughtCo / Grace Fleming
Generally, the feature that sets Turabian Style apart from MLA is the use of endnotes or footnotes, so this is most likely the style that most instructors will expect to see in your paper. If a teacher instructs you to use Turabian style and does not specify which citation system to use, use the notes and bibliography style.
Endnotes and Footnotes
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As you write your paper, you will want to use quotations from a book or other source. You must always provide a citation for a quote to show its origin. Also, you must provide a citation for any information that is not common knowledge .
Whether something is common knowledge is not always clear, so the best idea is to provide a citation for important facts that you bring up if you have any doubt. An example of common knowledge would be: Some chickens lay brown eggs. By contrast, an example of a fact that is not common knowledge would be: Some chickens lay blue and green eggs. You would need to include a citation for this second statement.
You may also use a footnote/endnote to clarify a passage that may confuse some readers. For instance, you may mention in your paper that the story of "Frankenstein" was written during a friendly writing game among friends. Many readers may know this, but others may want an explanation.
Inserting a Footnote
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To insert a footnote in Turabian style:
- Make sure your cursor is placed in the exact spot where you want your note (number) to appear.
- In most word processing programs, go to the "Reference" tab to find footnote options.
- Click either "Footnotes" or "Endnotes" (whichever you want to use in your paper).
- Once you select either footnote or endnote, the superscript (number) will appear on the page. Your cursor will jump to the bottom (or end) of the page and you will have the opportunity to type the citation or other information.
- When you finish typing the note, scroll back to your text and continue writing your paper.
Formatting and numbering of the notes are automatic in word processors, so you don’t have to worry about spacing and placement. The software will also automatically renumber your notes if you delete one or you decide to insert one at a later time.
Citation for a Book
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In Turabian citations, always italicize or underline the name of a book and put the title of an article in quotation marks. The citations follow the style shown here.
Citation for a Book With Two Authors
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Follow this style guide if the book has two authors.
Citation for an Edited Book With Stories Inside
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An edited book may contain many articles or stories written by different authors.
Article Citation
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Notice how the author's name changes from the footnote to the bibliography.
Encyclopedia
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You should list a citation for an encyclopedia in the footnote, but you don't need to include it in your bibliography.
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Turabian Format Quick Guide
Additional Navigation
Note to students using Grammarly: See this resource on Grammarly's Place in the Writing Process
Sample Paper in notes-bibliography for all students
Turabian template for assignments with no headings ( note : do not add quotation marks around the titles of your papers; all macro-enabled fields in the template have those marks to denote the macros; just click each field and type your content), turabian template for assignments with headings ( note : do not add quotation marks around the titles of your papers; all macro-enabled fields in the template have those marks to denote the macros; just click each field and type your content), dissertation-style title page with basic dissertation template, visit the chicago manual of style database in liberty university’s jerry falwell library by logging in and choosing that database (search for database by name, then “c,” and “chicago manual of style”)., helpful resources, turabian chart of citations, turabian annotated bibliography sample, sacred book reference list, capitalization glossary, choosing appropriate resources for academic papers.
Video Tutorial links
- Insert heading levels into template and populate Contents page
- Remove Contents page from template if not necessary for your assignment
- Using MS Word in insert footnote numbering/placement ( shows some outdated formatting element; just focus on steps to take in MS Word )
- Plagiarism series – Video #1 of 4: Introduction: How often can students quote other sources? – Liberty University
- Plagiarism series – Video #2 of 4: How and when to cite your sources. – Liberty University
- Plagiarism series – Video #3 of 4: The three kinds of plagiarism. – Liberty University
- Plagiarism series – Video #4 of 4: Proactive and foolproof steps to avoid plagiarism. – Liberty University
Notes-Bibliography Citation Style
- Used in all programs of study using Turabian format (except book reviews, which use Author-Date format).
- Footnotes are the preferred method to indicate in-text citations throughout this format. Liberty University does not permit endnotes.
- A bibliography is used to compile sources in one list at the end of the paper.
Author-Date citation style
- Only permitted for book review assignments at Liberty University.
- Sample paper in Author-Date format for book review assignments only.
- Template for paper in Author-Date format .
- Chart of Citations in Author-Date format for book reviews only.
- Note that the list of compiled resources cited in author-date format is titled References (rather than Bibliography).
- Use one-inch margins on all sides.
- The preferred font/size is Times New Roman, 12 pt.
- Indent all paragraphs in the body of the paper ½”.
- Double-space the entire paper, except block quotes, footnotes, bibliography entries, reference lists, table titles, and figure captions. Those elements should be single-spaced, with one extra blank line before/after to separate them from other elements.
- The paper should be written in the 3rd person (he, she, it) with an active voice, rather than passive voice .
- Unless a professor specifically asks for a paper in 1st person (I, me, we, us, our) or 2nd person (you, your) language, avoid these in a paper.
- Be specific and concise.
- In historical writing, use simple past tense verbs. When referring to an author’s written work, use the present tense.
- Note that Turabian requires additional spacing before each heading level, which is already programmed into the templates.
- Headline case = all significant words, usually those with 4+ letters, must be capitalized. Use headline case for titles of works; names of journals; and first-, second-, and third-level headings.
- Sentence case = only the first letter of the first word, proper nouns, and the word following a colon, if any, should begin with capital letters. Use sentence case for fourth- and fifth-level headings.
- Add quotation marks around the titles of shorter works (i.e., articles or poems); use italics for the names of larger works (i.e., books or plays).
- Liberty University now uses Turabian’s “student” title page format for all programs and levels of study except dissertations and theses, which follow Turabian’s “dissertation” title page format.
- See the links to all templates and sample papers above.
- The title page is technically page one, but it never has a page number
- Pagination for the fore matter, if any (including the table of contents), uses lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii), in the center bottom of the page. Begin with ii, to account for the title page position.
- The body of the paper for all Liberty University classes uses Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3) in the top-right corner. It begins with page 1. All templates provided by Liberty University are already programmed with proper pagination.
- See the pagination video tutorial .
- The word Introduction is no longer included in student papers unless the instructions specifically require such.
- The first paragraph in the body of academic papers should include an introductory paragraph (with no label, title, or heading above it).
- Incorporating research that is credible and relevant helps to support and validate a paper’s argument. The page dedicated to incorporating research and avoiding plagiarism includes information on how to integrate summaries and paraphrases, quotations, and block quotes.
- With plagiarism, it’s better to be safe than sorry: if it’s not yours, cite it !
Subheadings
- First level : centered, boldface, in headline case
- Second level : centered, not bolded, in headline case
- Third level : left-justified, boldface, in headline case
- Fourth level : left-justified, not bolded, in sentence case
- Fifth level : indented ½”, not bolded, italicized, in sentence case with a period, then one space, and begin your content on the same line
Footnotes versus Parenthetical Citations
- Include a citation whenever another author’s work is directly quoted or paraphrased.
- There are two formats in Turabian: author-date and notes-bibliography. Liberty University allows only notes-bibliography format, except for book reviews (which use author-date format).
- In notes-bibliography, include relevant publishing details along with the author’s name and year of publication as footnotes.
- All programs of study at Liberty University still require the use of ibid . for consecutive footnotes of the same resource on the same page in notes-bibliography format , and shortened notes for non-consecutive subsequent citations, even though the Turabian 9th edition manual recommends not using ibid .
- See the Turabian Chart of Citations for visuals of the citations and reference entries in notes-bibliography format. The section of this Quick Guide on author-date format (permitted at Liberty University only for book reviews) includes a link to a chart of citations in that format.
- The Bible is only cited parenthetically at Liberty University, effective Summer of 2022. The phrase “unless otherwise noted” (used in years past) is no longer used at Liberty University.
- It is not necessary to write out full quotes of verses from the Bible since your readers can find the references that you cite. When an author needs to make a specific observation, however, he or she will include a direct quote.
- When your paper cites from only one translation, you only name the version with the first citation in your paper. If you use multiple translations or versions of the Bible, then you would have to spell out the version used the first time you use each, and then use a series of abbreviations for subsequent citations in parentheses (NASB, ESV, KJV) sufficient for your reader to discern which version you are citing from in subsequent citations.
- The abbreviations for the books of the Bible can be used only in parentheses within the text or in footnotes. For example, you may make a reference to Romans 1:16, but if you state that Christians should not be ashamed of the gospel ( Rom. 1:16), then you should use the abbreviation within parentheses.
- Turabian includes a comprehensive list of abbreviations for the books of the Bible in sections 24.6.1-24.6.4 (sections 10.44 , 10.45 , 10.47 , and 10.48 in the Chicago Manual of Style database on Liberty University’s Jerry Falwell Library ). See the Sacred Book Reference List and Capitalization Glossary .
Bibliography
- Use the word Bibliography for notes-bibliography format.
- Center and bold the word “Bibliography” (without quotation marks) on the top line of a new page following your conclusion.
- Single-space entries, with one blank line separating each.
- Use hanging indents (left-justify the first line of each entry and indent lines two+ of each entry ½” from the left margin).
- Alphabetize all entries by the first word in each (usually the first author’s last name for each).
- Invert the first author’s name (last name, first, middle), but not the remaining authors’ names in each entry.
- Cite classical works (including the Bible) and personal communications in the body of the paper, but do not include them in the reference or bibliography list.
- Include periods after both URLs and DOIs.
- Check Google Scholar or crossref.org for DOIs of all articles published since 2007, if one is not readily denoted on the article itself.
- Only include the access date for online content that is likely to change (such as wikis).
Turabian Style Guide: Sample Papers in Turabian
- Turabian (& Chicago)
- Sample Papers in Turabian
- Research Paper Topics
- Research Tools
Sample Turabian Papers
- Turabian Style paper (Austin Peay State University) from Austin Peay State University, Academic Support Center
- "Turabian Tutor" (Tennessee Temple University) Tennessee Temple University, Turabian-style paper
- Intro to Chicago-Turabian Style (paper) (University of North Alabama) University of North Alabama, turabian-style paper
- Sample Turabian Bibliography from Carpenter Library, UNF
Turabian formatting in Word
Turabian title page in Word
Simple Formatting Guidelines
- Paper size - 8.5 inch x 11 inch
- 1 inch on all four edges of the page
- Typeface/Font size
- Easily read; preferably serifed, ex. Times New Roman
- 12-point is accepted size
- Spacing/Indentation
- Double-space text with exceptions that are single-spaced:
- Block quotations
- Table elements, ex. titles and figure captions
- Appendices' lists
- Footnotes/endnotes are single-spaced but separated by a space between each item.
- Items in a bibliography/reference list are single-spaced but each item is separated by a space.
- Do not number the title page.
- Start arabic numbers (at 1) on first page of paper that is not considered front matter (front matter = title page).
- Place page numbers consistently in same location throughout paper:
- Options for page numbers include: centered in footer OR right-hand of footer OR centered in header OR right-hand of header
- Title Page elements
- Center all elements
- Use consistent typeface and font size
- font size can increase slightly for title elements
- preferred format is boldface for title
- Employ Headline Capitalization with All Elements (first letter of each noun/pronoun is capitalized) ( definition of Headline Style Capitalization)
- Title is placed approx. 1/3 down the page. A subtitle follow the main title with a colon and starts on a new line.
- Two-thirds down the page, your name, any title page information provided by your professor, and the date should be included.
- Body of Paper (Text)
- Includes
- Introduction
- Quotations, including block quotations, should follow Turabian's standard formatting rules.
- Text Formatting
- Be consistent throughout body of paper with typeface, font size, and other formatting elements.
- Make sure text is aligned left.
- Do not add color in the text (hyperlinked text will automatically become blue; this is unavoidable).
- Block quotations should be set apart by blank space above and below and, internally, should be single-spaced.
- Back Matter elements
- Notes (endnotes section) ( http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocChicago_Notes_Formatting.html )
- Bibliography OR References OR Works Cited (your choice as to heading)
- Center page titles
- Font size can increase slightly for title elements.
- Preferred format is boldface for title
- Leave two blank spaces between heading and first endnote/work referenced.
- Notes section
- Use standard paragraph indentations for each endnote.
- Single-space each endnote and separate each by a blank space.
- Use standard-size numbers with periods to enumerate your endnote list.
- Bibliography/References/Works Cited section
- Use hanging indentations for works referenced (first line is not indented; second and remaining lines are indented standard tab of five spaces)
- This section is typically arranged alphabetically by author, then alphabetically by title if you list multiple works by one author.
All information comes from
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations : Chicago Style for Students & Researchers . 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.
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Turabian Style
- Cite: Why? When?
- Books or Ebooks
- Theses and Manuscripts
- Reference and Sacred Works
- Audio/Visual
- Government Documents
Format Your Paper
- Shortened Notes
Turabian Paper Examples
- Turabian Paper Example
- Turabian Annotated Bibliography Example
- Chicago Paper Example (Purdue Owl)
Formatting Guidelines
Margins (a.1.1).
- Paper size - 8 1/2 x 11 inches
- 1 inch at top, bottom, and both sides
Font (A.1.2)
- Use easy to read font, such as Times New Roman
- 12-point font size
Spacing and Indentation (A.1.3)
- Block quotations
- Table elements (titles and captions)
- Lists in appendixes
- Footnotes/endnotes and bibliography lists are single-spaced but with a blank line between items.
Pagination (A.1.4)
- Do not number the title page
- Page numbers start on the first page of the text using arabic numbers
- Can be placed in the center or right side of top or bottom of the paper
Title Page (A.1.5)
- Center all elements on the page
- Font size can increase slightly for the title.
- Preferred format is boldface for title
- Title placed approximately 1/3 down page.
- Two-thirds down page place name, class title, and date
Text (A.2.2)
- Align the text to the left with a 1/2-inch left indent
- Double-space
- Include sections: introduction, chapters/sections , and conclusion
- Spell out long organization names and add the abbreviation in parenthesis, then just use the abbreviation
- Write out numbers up to nine and use a number for 10 or more
- Use a number for units of measurement, in tables, to represent statistical or math functions, and dates or times
- Capitalize major words in the titles of books and articles
Bibliography (A.2.3.5)
Begins on a new page following the text of your paper and includes complete citations for the resources you've used in your writing.
- Center "Bibliography" at the top of the new page, leaving two spaces between title and first entry
- Single-space and use hanging indents (where the first line is on the left margin and the following lines are indented a half inch from the left)
- List authors' last name first followed by the first and middle initials (ex. Skinner, B.F.) t
- Alphabetize the list by the first author's last name of of each citation, hen alphabetically by title if you list multiple works by one author.
- Add full-sentence annotations on a new line indented from the left margin.
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A Complete Guide To Turabian Style Paper
Students often have to deal with several different assignments like a T urabian style paper to score good grades while learning new skills. Not only essays, articles, or capstone projects, but every type of document needs to have proper formatting.
The Turabian style paper format refers to how the content has been laid out in a visual format for the reader to understand better. The aim of the text will depend on the type of assignment that has been assigned to you, like research, developing ideas or describing events. The proper format will also entail the font size, columns, word spacing, lists etc. It is essential to provide a proper quotation to avoid any plagiarism issues.
How the paper is organized and how the words or sentences appear will depend on your subject. For example, students studying economics, business, psychology, linguistics etc., often have to deal with the APA writing format. Historians, on the other hand, should be able to write according to the Turabian format.
What is a Turabian style paper?
Created by Kate Turabian, this style of writing was developed especially for students. Working at the University of Chicago as a dissertation secretary, Kate’s work revolved around papers. It influenced her to use the Chicago style of writing and tweak and refine several aspects to suit history paper writing. This new writing style did not involve some relevant aspects of publishing; however, many similarities can be drawn between the Turabian style and the Chicago writing style. In addition, several other disciplines other than history use the Turabian style of writing .
If you have been given an assignment at school, make sure not to try and define the writing style by yourself. Instead, seek more information from the professor on the writing style that is to be followed. You can check out the 9th edition of the Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Thesis and Dissertations that includes all the rules for writing.
Since the document is lengthy and requires much time to go through, we have listed all the important information and an example of a Turabian paper format.
When is Turabian style paper format used?
When you are tasked with an assignment, you may wonder which writing style to follow. For example, should you be using the Turabian paper writing style or any other style?
Turabian paper formatting is not obligatory when writing a regular essay or book review; however, writing a thesis, dissertation, or other scientific papers should follow the Turabian paper format. If you don’t find instructions about the writing style, it is always better to consult your professor to clear any doubts regarding which writing format to follow.
Essential sections of a Turabian style paper
Understanding the structure of an academic paper is the first thing to look out for. You cannot simply submit a rough draft without any clear structure. Even if the paper would not be published, it is essential to follow proper structure to submit a good quality document.
Each writing style comes with its unique perks and peculiarities, and therefore you should follow a familiar writing style for each of your assignments, like APA formatting only. Here is a list of all the essential sections for a Turabian style paper.
Title Page : According to the Turabian style paper, the student should include a separate title page or add the title to the first page of the document. Therefore, it is essential to go through the instructions provided by your professor to save time. If you have to add a separate title page, here are some tips to follow.
- Leave one-third space from the top and place the title in the centre of the page.
- Leave a couple of lines and add relevant details like name, class data etc.
- Use a colon to end the tile line to place a subtitle in the following line.
- Use double spacing on each line of your title page.
Suppose you are working on your dissertation or thesis. In that case, it is recommended to check relevant guides to reference proper writing styles as different formats can have different writing practices to look out for. Note that the page heading in the MLA writing format differs from other writing formats, so you will need to follow the prescribed structure carefully when using this format.
- It is good to capitalize all the titles using the “headline style” in the main body.
- You can also use italics or quotation marks for your titles, depending on the type of paper you are writing. For example, articles or other short texts use titles within quotation marks, whereas books use titles written in an italicized format. Other pieces of texts like poems or plays also have their requirements.
- You can block the prose quotation if it occupies more than five lines in your paper. In addition, the entire phrase can be indented with a different font than the surrounding text to help offset it and make it prominent.
Reference list
- You should label the pages as “Bibliography” or “References”, where you have listed out all the sources depending on the style.
- Keep a two-line gap between the page label and the first entry and use a single line gap to differentiate between the entries.
- Make sure to list out your sources in alphabetical order. It can be sorted based on the first word or the title of the source etc.
- Use “and” instead of ampersand if you have multi-author entries.
- Provide DOIs in place of URLs whenever possible.
- Indicate sections or volumes if there is no concrete page numbering system.
Footnotes and Endnotes
- Number your notes starting with “1”.
- Note numbers should be superscripted, and the numbers should be placed at the end of the sentence or clause, after the punctuation.
- Make sure that all the notes end with a period and are full-sized. Remember not to raise note numbers. Note numbers can also be superscripted in the notes.
- Push the footnotes to the left while formatting the lines. Commentary can also be added after the source documentation when necessary.
Headings : Though the Chicago citation manual and the Turabian style paper does not state any concrete requirements to follow for heading and subheadings, here are a few recommendations to follow.
- The headings and the subheadings should have a proper, parallel and consistent structure across the text.
- Distinguish sub-headings by using different font sizes and always use a new line to begin a new sub-heading.
- The hierarchy levels of the text should be clear.
- Contrasting boldface, typestyles or text alignments can help to differentiate the different levels of sub-headings.
- There should be a maximum of three hierarchical levels in your text.
- Sub-headings should not end with periods.
The Turabian style paper has also developed a five-level hierarchy, but it is optional.
Tables and Figures
- Ensure to position the data as soon as possible after it has been referenced, like after the paragraph described.
- Provide a short explanation or caption if you are using figures.
- The figure’s source or table data can be cited using the credit line placed directly below the figure or table. It can be cited after the caption; however, ensure to distinguish it using parenthesis or any other type of writing .
Providing all the requirements for a Turabian style paper becomes impossible in a single article. However, there are plenty more options, possible solutions or exceptions out there, and you can use the internet to find out more about the requirements.
Correctly cite your sources Regardless of your writing style, it is very important to let your audience know the exact sources of the data you are using.
The Turabian style paper can include two styles of citation. Both these approaches are different; however, they achieve the same final objective.
Notes and Bibliography style Any student program that follows the Chicago or the Turabian style paper of writing can use this style.
Book reviews are the only exception where the author-date style needs to be preferred.
Use the endnotes or footnotes to point to the data source for the notes and bibliography option. It can be avoided if you are citing the sources in full for your paper.
- Bibliography : Rowling, JK. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Group, 1997.
- Footnote : 1. JK Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (London: Bloomsbury Publishing Group, 1997), The National Public Library.
- Shortened Form : 3. Rowling, Harry Potter, 12.
Journal Article
- Bibliography : Sherlock, M & Wagstaff DL. “The Relationship Between Frequency of Instagram Use, Exposure to Idealized Images, and Psychological Well-Being in Women.” American Phycological Association.
- Footnote : 1. Sherlock, M & Wagstaff DL, “The Relationship Between Frequency of Instagram Use, Exposure to Idealized Images, and Psychological Well-Being in Women,” American Phycological Association.
- Shortened form : Sherlock, M & Wagstaff DL, “Instagram and women, 21.
Author-Date Style When looking and the author-date style, parenthetical in-text citations and a reference list should be used to provide more information about the sources to the reader. The general rule is to include the writer’s last name, followed by the publication year and the page number of the referenced source.
- Reference : Rowling, JK 1997. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Group.
- In-Text Citation : (Rowling 1997, 11.)
Reference : Sherlock, M & Wagstaff DL. 2019. “The Relationship Between Frequency of Instagram Use, Exposure to Idealized Images, and Psychological Well-Being in Women.” American Phycological Association.
In-Text Citation : (Sherlock, M & Wagstaff DL 2019, 45).
Newspaper Article
- Reference : Bandyopadhyay, Agnideb. 2021. “Blending fashion, statement and sports.” The Telegraph Online, September 27, 2021.
- In-Text Citation (Bandyopadhyay 2021).
- Reference : Mayo Clinic “Sleep tips: 6 steps to better sleep”, April 17, 2020, link to the website.
- (Mayo Clinic, “Sleep tips: 6 steps to better sleep”).
Seven important tips for writing a Turabian style paper
A student’s routine can be especially dull with all the different assignments they have to complete every day. It makes the student less enthusiastic towards writing the assignments.
However, it is beneficial to have a final objective in mind. Do you want to be the sharpest in your class? Do you want to impress your professor? Do you want to get your article published and be famous? Not only will the goals serve as your inspiration, but they will also give you much-needed consistency.
This is why we bring the best of tips from expert authors so that you can learn from their experiences. You mustn’t miss out on the chance of learning from someone else’s experience.
Start with the requirements It is a fundamental step that most students fail to understand its importance. No one expects your writing to be like a professional author. Your writing does not have to be flawless; however, it should not show that you ignored the formatting and other details.
Understanding the requirements is crucial in writing an effective paper. Consult your professor for the proper instructions about the formatting like spacing, indents, margins, etc. You can always follow the sample that has been provided. Ensure that you do not skip the requirements. If you have any questions, get them clarified before you start with your paper.
Organizing the work process Writing a Turabian style paper or any other type can be quite challenging. It will require you to go through several sources for information and data for analysis and compile them into a meaningful structure. Therefore, organizing your work process is key if you want to minimize time and effort.
Start by developing a plan and dividing it into different milestones with specific deadlines. Have enough time set aside for formatting. Many students focus only on the writing but pay no attention to the formatting, which is not recommended. Therefore, having a planned schedule to follow ensures that no important stage is missed before your submission.
Go through several samples One can easily find samples of Turabian style paper, but it does not mean you should follow it without any question. As mentioned earlier, the current formatting manual is in its 9th edition; therefore, it is possible that some samples that you might encounter were written following a previous edition of the manual.
Read as many samples as possible and check the dates on which they were posted online. Make sure to use data from several different sources as many websites try to attract visitors using false information.
Proofreading is the key Proofreading is an essential milestone for which you should set aside ample time in your schedule when writing your Turabian style paper. After you have finished with your paper, it is quite natural to be excited to submit it. However, you should not hurry. Plan your time well before the deadline to ensure you have enough time to proofread. Use the time to go through the paper with a fresh mind and ensure that all the requirements have been met. It will also help you rectify any typos or punctuation errors throughout the text to help you develop a flawless final document. Asking your friends and classmates to read your Turabian style paper is also a great idea to notice any problems that you might have missed out on.
Simplify tasks using modern tools With the advancement of the internet and electronic devices like computers and smartphones, students today have a great advantage compared to when our previous generation was attending school. Thanks to the internet, any information is just a click away.
Asking for professional help Formatting is not the favourite part of the writing process for most students. Researching and analyzing sources, generating ideas sharpens your creative skills, but how do margins or single quotes make you a better writer?
Hiring a professional author is a great way to save a lot of time on the formatting and is a sure way of guaranteeing a decent Turabian style paper. Professional authors can also help to create one from scratch or proofread and edit your draft.
Avoid plagiarism Plagiarism is an intentional wrong that you should not commit while writing your paper. With even a 10 per cent of plagiarism, your paper can lose academic performance hampering your grades in the long run.
If you are using data or ideas from a different source, ensure to format them correctly.
You will have to cite the sources and give credit to the source. Also, ensure not to paraphrase direct quotes in your paper.
Several online tools can help you to check plagiarism issues with your Turabian style paper. Use them to your advantage and remove even the slightest plagiarism issues.
FAQs on Turabian style paper
Developed by Kate Turabian, it is slightly different from the Chicago style , and the Turabian style paper is designed specifically for researchers and students.
Where is Turabian style paper used?
Turabian style paper is used in history, business, social sciences, and research papers that are not intended for publication.
What are the essential components of a Turabian style paper?
The essential components include a title page, main body, tables or figures (if applicable), bibliography/references and footnotes or endnotes.
Which cases do not require Turabian formatting?
In regular essays, book reports or case studies, following the Turabian formatting is not obligatory.
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- Paper Formats
- Chicago/Turabian
- How To Cite A Dissertation Or Thesis In Chicago/Turabian With Examples
How to Cite a Dissertation or Thesis in Chicago/Turabian with Examples
Dissertations refer to a document submitted by a student intended to support the candidature for an academic degree. In practice, a dissertation or thesis allows students to contribute new knowledge, theories, and practices in their specialization field. Then, students at different levels of higher learning education must complete their dissertations to meet the required academic criteria for graduating. Moreover, there are some specific rules on how to cite a dissertation or thesis in the Chicago/Turabian referencing style that writers should follow when developing citations for dissertations. In particular, credible bibliographic entries in this format should contain the author’s name, the title, type of a thesis, and other publication details. Besides, some dissertations may not contain the author’s name. In such cases, one should use the title when preparing the bibliographic entry of the source. Also, entries for thesis bibliographies published online should contain the URL link.
General Aspects of Citing a Dissertation or Thesis in Chicago/Turabian
A dissertation refers to a student’s document intended to support the candidature for an academic degree. Basically, thesis papers allow students to contribute new knowledge, theories, and practices in their field of specialization. In this case, learners have to advance the existing knowledge by carrying out informed research. Also, the most common types of dissertations include an undergraduate thesis, a Master’s thesis , and a doctoral dissertation . Hence, students at different levels of higher learning education must complete their dissertations to meet the required academic criteria for graduating.
Undegraduate Thesis
An undergraduate thesis refers to a culmination of college experiences. For example, students use the experience learned throughout undergraduate courses to focus on a single research problem. In this case, scholars must advance knowledge that can merge the knowledge gap identified. Moreover, an undergraduate thesis contains credible information that other scholars can reference in their academic papers by using the rules of citing a dissertation in Chicago/Turabian.
Master’s Thesis
A master’s thesis refers to a piece of original scholarship written under a faculty advisor’s close supervision. In practice, a master’s thesis resembles a doctoral dissertation. For example, the main difference between these types of paper includes length and focus. Basically, the Master’s thesis is shorter and has a narrow focus compared to the doctoral dissertation. Besides, a Master’s thesis allows learners to pursue further research in their field of specialization. In practice, other scholars can cite the information from the Master’s thesis due to its level of originality and credibility.
Doctoral Thesis
A doctoral thesis makes a new and creative contribution to the field of study. Basically, students pursuing a doctoral degree use the thesis to demonstrate their expertise in the area of study. In most cases, the doctoral dissertation contains an in-depth analysis of a specific research problem. Moreover, students present facts that can advance the existing knowledge in the study. In turn, other scholars cite the information contained in the doctoral dissertation by considering the referencing guidelines of the Chicago/Turabian format because it contains credible details relating to a specific topic.
Citing Rules for a Dissertation or Thesis in Chicago/Turabian
Chicago/Turabian citation style requires a student to acknowledge information obtained from credible sources . In particular, dissertations contain credible and accurate details that can support academic arguments. Then, all entries in the bibliography should include basic elements, like the author, title, and publication information. Moreover, one must follow the right punctuation when providing relevant details. Hence, the following are the guidelines on how to cite a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian that a scholar should follow when entering each element of the source.
Citing an Unpublished Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian
1. name of the author.
The name of the author of a thesis is the first item in a bibliographic entry when citing a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian. For instance, the author’s name should appear in an inverted form in the bibliography. In this case, one must place the last name first. Then, a comma should separate the first and the last name of the author. For example, if the author of the dissertation is John Smith, it should appear as “Smith, John” in the bibliographic entry. Basically, the first, middle, and second names of the author appear on the title page of the thesis. In turn, one should identify the actual name of the author to avoid possible cases of plagiarism.
Unknown Author
Some dissertations do not contain the name of the author. In this case, writers should consider using the title of the source if it contains credible information for the citation. Also, one should not use fake names to identify the author because it can lead to a case of plagiarism. Instead, the title of the source should help one to cite a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian correctly.
2. Title of the Dissertation
The title of the dissertation represents the second item in a bibliographic entry. Basically, writers should identify the full title of the thesis when citing the required entry in Chicago/Turabian. Also, these details should appear in quotation marks. In turn, the title must appear in the title case where all the words should begin with a capital letter. Moreover, only the linking words should begin in small letters. Therefore, the title of the dissertation should appear inside quotation marks and in title case.
Punctuation Marks
The title of the dissertation should contain the right punctuation marks. For instance, one should place a period at the end of the thesis’s title. In most cases, writers place the period outside quotation marks. However, a credible bibliographic entry should contain the period inside punctuation marks. Hence, students must include the right punctuation marks when citing a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian.
3. Publication Details
Publication details of a dissertation should follow the title and must appear inside rounded brackets. In particular, the most important bibliographic details include the source type identifier, place of publication, and year. Basically, these parts may vary depending on the type of thesis that a writer uses as the source of information. Hence, the following are the guidelines for citing publication details on a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian.
A) Source Type Identifier
The source type identifier is the first item in the bibliographic entry. Basically, the source identifier refers to the type of thesis that one uses as the source of evidence. In this case, one should identify if the source is a doctoral dissertation, a master’s thesis, or an undergraduate thesis. For doctoral papers, one should use the phrase “Ph.D. diss.” Also, the word “dissertation” should appear in the shortened form. However, students should use “Master’s Thesis” or “Bachelor’s Thesis” for the other two types of dissertations.
B) Place of Publication
Place of publication refers to the learning institution of authors of dissertations. For instance, one should identify the university where the author of the thesis presented the work for academic approval. In practice, one should include the full name of the institution.
C) Year of Publication
The year of publication should be the last detail of the publication. In particular, writers should identify the actual year when the author presented the dissertation for academic defense. As a thumb rule, one should use a thesis published not later than five years.
D) Punctuation Marks
Writers should use the correct punctuation marks to separate the bibliographic entry of the sources. In practice, one should use commas to separate bibliographic information from the source. As a result, a good bibliographic entry when citing a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian should appear as (Source type identifier, place of publication, year).
Citing a Published Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian
The bibliographic entry of a published dissertation should contain the name of the author and the title. Basically, these details should follow the format used in unpublished journals. However, other details vary. In turn, the following are the guidelines that one should follow to complete specific parts of a journal article .
1. Details of Publication
The publication details of a bibliographic entry of a published source should not appear inside brackets. For example, the type of dissertation, place, and year of publication should not appear in rounded brackets like in the unpublished thesis. However, commas should separate these details.
2. Page Numbers
Dissertation published as research articles may have unique page numbers. Basically, one should include the range of pages that contains the relevant article. In this case, a hyphen should separate the first and last pages. Besides, one should not use “p.” or “pp.” when presenting actual pages of the thesis presented. I turn, the actual pagination of a published research thesis should appear as “15-50.” Then, a period should appear after the pagination.
3. Database Name and Accession Number
The writer should identify the name of the database and the accession number. In this case, the name of the database should follow the publication details of the thesis. Basically, this name refers to the actual journal that published the dissertation. In turn, the accession number of the published dissertation should appear inside the brackets. Moreover, a period should follow the bracket containing the accession number.
Citing a Dissertation Published Online in Chicago/Turabian
One may find different types of dissertations published online. For example, the bibliographic entry of a published dissertation should contain the name of the author and the title. Also, these details should follow the format used in unpublished journals. However, some bibliographic entries vary when compared to other dissertations. Hence, the following are the guidelines on how to cite a published dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian that one should use to develop the bibliographic entry.
1. Publication Inforamtion
The publication details of a bibliographic entry of an online published source should not appear inside brackets. Basically, one should include the type of dissertation, place, and year of publication should appear and separate them using commas. In practice, these details should follow the title of the source.
Students should include the URL link that leads to the source. In this case, the URL should be accurate to avoid the vagueness of the bibliographic entry. For instance, the URL link should appear as “http://www.” Moreover, the URL link should be the last item in the bibliographic entry. Therefore, one should include the valid URL link that leads to the online published thesis.
Examples of Relevant Citations
1. scheme of the citation.
The following are examples of citing schemes for referencing a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian that one can use to write a bibliographic entry of unpublished, published, and online dissertations.
A) The bibliographic entry of an unpublished dissertation should follow the scheme:
Last, First M. “Thesis/Dissertation Title.” (Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year).
B) A published dissertation’s bibliographic entry should follow the scheme:
Last, First M. “Thesis/Dissertation Title.” Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year. Database name (accession number).
C) An online published dissertation’s bibliographic entry should follow the scheme:
Last, First M. “Title of the Dissertation or Thesis.” Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year. http://www.url.com
2. Samples of Actual Citations
A) The actual citation of an unpublished dissertation should take the form:
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Representations in Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” (Ph.D. diss., Chicago/Turabian University, 2020).
B) The actual citation of a published dissertation should take the form:
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Representations in Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” Ph.D. diss., Chicago/Turabian University, 2020. ProQuest (AAT 5612356).
C) The actual citation of an online published dissertation should take the form:
Lewis, Jennifer, “A Multi-Method Approach to Examining Emotion Regulation Profiles in Women with and without Borderline Personality Disorder,” 2020, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/25256.
Note: Not all of these examples of citing a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian are actual works written by scholars. In turn, such samples serve only for learning purposes.
Summing Up on How to Cite a Dissertation or Thesis in Chicago/Turabian
Dissertations refer to a document submitted by a student intended to support the candidature for an academic degree. Basically, thesis papers allow students to contribute new knowledge, theories, and practices in their field of specialization. In this case, they contain credible information that other scholars can use for citations. Then, the most common types of dissertations include undergraduate and Master’s thesis and doctoral dissertation. Moreover, students at different levels of higher learning education must learn the main rules on how to cite a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian format to avoid plagiarism cases. In turn, there are some specific rules that writers should follow when developing citations for dissertations. Hence, the following are some of the factors that one must consider:
- The bibliographic entry of unpublished dissertation should appear as “Last, First M. “Thesis/Dissertation Title.” (Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year).”
- A published dissertation’s bibliographic entry should appear as “Last, First M. “Thesis/Dissertation Title.” Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year. Database name (accession number).”
- An online published dissertation’s bibliographic entry should appear as “Last, First M. “Title of the Dissertation or Thesis.” Ph.D. diss., [OR] Master’s thesis, Academic institution, year. http://www.url.com”
- One should omit the author’s name in cases where it does not appear on the title page of the dissertation. In this case, the title of the dissertation should serve as identification details for the source.
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style
Chicago/Turabian Style Guide
Need Chicago or Turabian style for a paper you are writing? This guide has everything you need to know about Chicago style according to the latest standards.
This page follows the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) and the 9th edition of the Turabian guide ( A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations ), though this guide is not officially connected with either.
Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:
Here’s what you’ll find on this page:
What is chicago style what is turabian, paper formatting guidelines, citing your sources, notes and bibliography style, author-date style, formatting your bibliography or reference list, other chicago guides.
- Introduction to the Chicago and Turabian styles
- Paper formatting guidelines
- When and what you need to cite when writing a paper
- Notes and bibliography style
- Author-date style
- Bibliography and reference list formatting tips
You may have heard the terms “Chicago” and “Turabian” used interchangeably and wondered what the difference is. Simply put, they are just about the same.
Turabian is a simpler version of Chicago style meant for students who are writing materials that will not be published. Since the CMOS is meant for material that is intended for publication, it’s often used by scholars, publishers, and other professional academics. The Turabian guide is shorter and includes information on formatting rules, the basics of researching and writing academic papers, and citation style. Despite these differences, these two books work in tandem; both are considered to be official Chicago style.
Since Chicago style is typically used for manuscripts that will be published, The Chicago Manual of Style does not offer many guidelines for paper formatting. This is because publishers each have their own house styles and authors must follow these exactly. There are a few areas where guidance is offered.
- Manuscripts : Generally, manuscripts should be double-spaced (CMOS 2.8). Exceptions are block quotations, table titles, and lists in appendixes, which should be single-spaced, and certain front matter (e.g., table of contents), footnotes or endnotes, and bibliographies and reference lists, which should be single-spaced internally but have a blank line between each separate item (Turabian A.1.3).
- Spaces at the end of sentences and after colons : Chicago recommends one space (CMOS 2.9; Turabian A.1.3).
- Margins : Margins should be at least one inch on all four sides (CMOS 2.10). Certain forms of writing like dissertations or theses may require a larger margin on the left side to allow room for binding, but each institution will have different requirements (Turabian A.1.1).
- Justification : Text should be justified to the left (CMOS 2.10).
- Font : Turabian recommends using a font that is both readable and readily available to most people such as Times New Roman or Arial. Times New Roman font size should be no smaller than 12-point and Arial no smaller than 10-point. Footnotes and endnotes may require different sizing and you should refer to your instructor’s guidelines (Turabian A.1.2).
- Pagination : Pagination of the body of the paper and back matter should use arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.). Front matter like the title page and table of contents should use lowercase roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.). For the placement of page numbers, the general rule is to adhere to local guidelines and be consistent. (Turabian A.1.4)
For more specific formatting guidelines, you can take a look at the appendix “Paper Format and Submission” in the Turabian manual.
Chicago style has two citation styles to let readers know that you used information from somewhere else and to show them where to find it.
- notes and bibliography style
- author-date style.
Though different, each style allows you to tell your readers how you found your information. If you’re wondering how these two styles differ from parenthetical citations, this guide on footnotes, end notes, and parentheticals contains more details on each method.
The 2 styles
The first style is the notes and bibliography style . This style uses footnotes or endnotes to point readers to the original source of the information. This style also often provides a bibliography at the end that readers consult, but this is not always necessary if sources are cited in full in your text.
The second style is called author-date style . This style uses parenthetical in-text citation to let readers know to look at the reference list at the end to find the full citation for the information you have used.
Here’s a chart to compare these two citation styles:
You must cite your source in any of the following situations:
- If you quote a source exactly
- If you reword ideas from a source
- If you use any material (e.g., statistics, data, methodology) from a source you read while writing
When citing your sources, you usually need a few key pieces of information:
- Who created the source? This might be an author, editor, translator, or corporate body.
- How can you identify the source? This information will likely include a title, page numbers, volume or issue numbers, and edition.
- What is the publication information? This might include the name of the publishing company, the year of publication, and the name of the journal or book the information is in.
- Where can others find the source? This is important for online sources and singular material like that found in rare book collections or archives. For online material, you’ll want to record a URL or database name if possible. For rare book or archival material, you’ll need the name of the place you found it and the collection name.
Why citing your sources is important Telling your readers where you found your information is a very important part of the writing process. It gives credit to the hard work others have done . It also lets readers know that your information is reliable—they don’t just have to take it from you; they can go see what other researchers have written about the topic.
Citing your sources also helps readers to understand the context of your project . You can show that you understand the work that has already been done and where your own research fits in.
Finally, your readers might want to build on your research. Citing helps them to know where you found your information when readers do their own research. They might even cite you if you formally published your work. You can read more about how to integrate the research of others into your paper in Chapter 7 of the Turabian manual or Chapter 13 in the CMOS.
This style uses superscript numbers at the ends of sentences. These numbers alert readers that the sentence contains information from another source. Each superscript number refers to a note.
The notes are located at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the paper, chapter, or book (endnotes).
- Footnotes make it very easy for readers to find your source, but they can interrupt the document flow.
- Endnotes tend to reduce distraction on the page, but then the reader must flip pages to find the source you cite.
Unless your instructor has told you otherwise, the choice between footnotes and endnotes is up to you. You just need to be consistent and stick to one style or the other.
Updates to “Ibid” It’s important to note that previous editions of the CMOS encouraged the use of “ibid” when the same source was cited multiple times in a row. “Ibid” is a Latin word meaning “in the same place.”
The 17th edition of the CMOS, however, overturns this recommendation because the use of “ibid” can be confusing for readers and authors can easily cite to the wrong source if they are not careful.
The current recommendation of the CMOS is to always use the shortened form of the citation. If you refer to the same work multiple times in a row, you may leave out the shortened title and just list the author’s last name and the page number to which you are citing (See CMOS 14.34 for more information.).
Full Bibliography If you are including a full bibliography, you might choose only to use shortened citation forms in your footnotes or endnotes. You may also use the shortened structure that omits the title for sources that you cite several times in a row.
Keep in mind that if you cite a different source, you need to use the full shortened structure the next time you cite from a source you have used before. Here’s an example:
- Robisheaux, Langenburg , 58
- Robisheaux, 59.
- Robisheaux, 70.
- Cyrus, Scribes , 80.
- Robisheaux, Langenburg , 95.
Citation Examples Here are a few examples of citation structures in the notes and bibliography style. For more examples and information on this style, check out the EasyBib Chicago footnotes guide.
Journal article:
Newspaper or magazine article:
This style uses parenthetical in-text citations and a reference list to guide readers to the sources you cite. The in-text citation generally includes the:
- Author’s last name
- Year of publication
- Page numbers referenced
Using the parenthetical citation, the reader can then look at the reference list and find full information for the source.The reference list for this style is usually titled “References” or “Works Cited” and is organized in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. The parenthetical in-text citation always comes at the end of a sentence, and is placed before the final punctuation.
In-text citation example Nicholson’s study reveals a great deal about the general practices of ARL institutions in regard to the technical processing of these personal libraries. About half of the institutions kept the personal libraries shelved together and half used a Library of Congress classification scheme (Nicholson 2010, 114-115).
In the reference list, the citation would appear as follows:
Nicholson, Joseph R. 2010. “Making Personal Libraries More Public: A Study of the Technical Processing of Personal Libraries in ARL Institutions.” RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 11, no. 2 (Fall): 106-133.
Additional Examples Here are more examples of parenthetical in-text citations and their full citations as they would appear in the reference list. There are even more guides linked at the bottom of this page.
Social media:
In-text citation examples
When building in-text citations, you might come across more complicated citations. This chart shows some of the most common citation types you will come across and how to build in-text citations for them.
Bibliographies and reference lists are located at the end of your paper. You should include every source you cite in your bibliography or reference list.
Here are a few guidelines to follow:
- Center your title (either “Bibliography” or “Reference List”) at the top of the page.
- Organize entries alphabetically by the last name of the author (or title if no author is known).
- Each entry should be single-spaced with a blank line between entries.
- Each entry should also have a half-inch hanging indent.
3-em dashes
While sometimes 3-em dashes are used in bibliographies and reference lists in repeated list entries under the same author, the 17th edition of CMOS actually recommends that authors not do this in citation lists (CMOS 14.67 and 15.17).
Using 3-em dashes can cause a number of problems and it is best to just use the author’s name each time, especially if submitting your work for formal publication.
If your editor or publisher wants to use the 3-em dash, they will insert them where necessary. You can also check with your teacher and see what they want you to do.
For more guidelines for formatting bibliographies and reference lists, see CMOS 14 and 15 and Chapters 16 and 18 in the Turabian guide.
Citation Basics
- Fundamentals of Chicago Citation
- How to Cite a Book
- How to Cite a Chapter
- How to Cite an E-book
- How to Cite the Bible
Periodicals
- How to Cite a Journal
- How to Cite a Newspaper
- How to Cite a Magazine
Online Content
- How to Cite a Blog
- How to Cite a Website
- How to Cite a Tweet
- How to Cite a Video on YouTube
Audio / Video / Photo / Art
- How to Cite a Film
- How to Cite a Musical Recording
- How to Cite a Painting
- How to Cite a Podcast
- How to Cite a Photo
- How to Cite Sheet Music
- How to Cite a TV/Radio Broadcast
Academic Sources
- How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation
- How to Cite a Conference Paper
- How to Cite a Lecture
Other Source Types
- How to Cite a Report
- How to Cite Interview
- How to Cite a Mobile App
Reference Materials
- How to Cite an Encyclopedia
- How to Cite a Dictionary
Bibliography:
The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos17.
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
Published October 31, 2011. Updated April 9, 2020.
Written by Janice Hansen . Janice has a doctorate in literature and a master’s degree in library science. She spends a lot of time with rare books and citations.
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Complete Anonymity. We value your privacy and use modern encryption systems to protect you online. We don’t collect any personal or payment details and provide all our customers with 100% anonymity. ‘Can you write a paper for me and let me stay anonymous?’ Of course, we can! We are here to help you, not to cause problems.
Fast Delivery. We completely understand how strict deadlines may be when it comes to writing your paper. Even if your paper is due tomorrow morning, you can always rely on us. Our writers meet all set deadlines unequivocally. This rule is ironclad! The offered range is wide and starts from 6 hours to 2 weeks. Which one to choose is totally up to you. On our part, we guarantee that our writers will deliver your order on time.
Free Revisions. Our mission is to hone your paper to perfection. That’s why we offer you free revisions to make everything ideal and according to your needs. Feel free to ask for revisions if there is something you would like to be changed. That’s how our paper writing service works.
Money-Back Guarantee. You can get up to a 100% refund if you are dissatisfied with our work. Nevertheless, we are completely sure of our writers’ professionalism and credibility that offer you hard-core loyalty to our guarantees.
Comprehensible Explanations. ‘Can someone write my paper for me and provide clarifications?’ This question arises from time to time. Naturally, we want you to be totally prepared for the upcoming battle with your professor. If you need to fill the gaps in your knowledge, you can always ask for clarifications related to your paper. Moreover, when you order ‘write my paper for me’ service, you can always turn to our support agents for assistance. They will be glad to provide you with the necessary information and comprehensible explanations.
Fast and Customer-Focused Solutions. ‘Is it possible to do my paper for me so that I don’t worry about it at all?’ It certainly is! We offer all-encompassing solutions to all your academic problems by defining issues, determining their causes, selecting proper alternatives, and ultimately solving them. You are free to do your favorite activities while we are taking care of ongoing matters. You can always rely on us when it comes to essay-writing online and taking an individual approach to every case.
Who will write my paper when I order it?
Another crucial advantage of our service is our writers. You may have asked yourself, ‘I’d like to pay someone to write a paper for me, but who exactly will that person be?’ Once you order a paper, our managers will choose the best writer based on your requirements. You’ll get a writer who is a true expert in the relevant subject, and a perfect fit is certain to be found due to our thorough procedure of selecting.
Every applicant passes a complex procedure of tests to become one of our permanent writers. First of all, they should provide their credentials. We need to make sure that any prospective writers we hire have the proper experience.. The next step resides in passing a series of tests related to grammar, in addition to subject and/or discipline. Every paper-writer must pass them to prove their competency and their selected field of expertise.
One more step includes writing a sample to prove the ability to research and write consistently. Moreover, we always set our heart on hiring only devoted writers. When you ask us to write your essay or other academic works, you can be sure that they always do their best to provide you with well-structured and properly-written papers of high quality.
The final chord is related to special aspects of academic paper-writing. It means that every writer is prepared to cite properly, use different styles, and so on, so you don’t have to be worried about formatting at all.
‘So, can they write an ideal paper for me?’ We answer in the affirmative because we select only the best writers for our customers. Approximately 11% of all applicants can pass the whole set of tests and are ready to help you. All writers are fully compensated for their work and are highly motivated to provide you with the best results.
We are online 24/7 so that you could monitor the process of paper-writing and contact us whenever necessary. Don’t forget that your satisfaction is our priority. Our writers fully focus on your order when it comes to the ‘write my paper’ procedure. Our managers will immediately send all the information to your writer if any corrections are required.
It’s time to write my paper! What should I do?
‘I am ready to pay to have a paper written! Where do I start?’ Our team hears these words every day. We really believe that every student should be happy. That’s why we offer you to look at the simple steps to make the process even more convenient.
- Fill in the comprehensible order form located on the main page of our website. If you need some help with it, feel free to contact our support team.
- Provide the necessary details, such as the topic, subject or discipline, paper format, your academic level, etc.
- Select the deadline, and we will strictly follow it.
- Pay the total price. Submit a preferred payment method. The full sum will be deposited into your account on our website. The money will be transferred to your writer in case you approve the paper.
- If you have additional materials provided by your professor or may simply assist in writing your paper, please attach them too. They will help the assigned writer meet your professor’s expectations.
Every paper we can write for you is expertly-researched, well-structured, and consistent. Take a look at some types of papers we can help you with:
- Dissertations
- Research papers
- Case studies
- Term papers
- Business plans, etc.
Questions like ‘I would like you to write a paper for me without destroying my reputation. Can you promise to do so?’ or ‘Can you write my paper for me cheap and fast?’ often arise, and we take pride that these options are included in the list. Your safety and anonymity are parts of our common priority, which is to make you fully satisfied with all offered services.
Moreover, our pricing policy is flexible and allows you to select the options that totally suit your needs at affordable prices. You will be pleased with the results and the amount of money spent on your order. Our managers and writers will do the rest according to the highest standards.
Don’t hesitate and hire a writer to work on your paper now!
We believe that students know what is best for them, and if you suppose that it is time to ‘write my paper right now,’ we will help you handle it. ‘Will you do my paper without any hesitation?’ Of course, we will. Our service has all the necessary prerequisites to complete assignments regardless of their difficulty, academic level, or the number of pages. We choose a writer who has vast experience and a breadth of knowledge related to your topic.
Our ‘write my paper for me’ service offers a wide range of extra features to make the ordering process even more pleasant and convenient. Unlike lots of other services, we provide formatting, bibliography, amendments, and a title page for free.
‘When you write my paper for me? Can I monitor the process?’ Naturally, you can. We understand that you may want to ensure that everything is going well. Furthermore, there may be situations when some corrections are needed. We believe that a tool like this can come in handy. The assigned writer will strictly follow your and your professor’s requirements to make sure that your paper is perfect.
‘Is it possible to write my essay from scratch?’ We don’t do just proofreading or editing. Our goal is to fully carry your burden of writing. When this or similar questions appear, we always assure our customers that our writers can do whatever they need. Apart from writing from scratch or editing and proofreading, our experts can effortlessly cope with problem-solving of all kinds;even sophisticated software assignments!
Our ‘write my paper for me’ service is good for everyone who wants to delegate paper-writing to professionals and save precious time that can be spent differently and in a more practical way. We want you to be happy by offering the great opportunity to forget about endless and boring assignments once and forever. You won’t miss anything if your papers become the concern of our professional writers.
Don’t waste your precious time browsing other services. We provide you with everything you need while you are enjoying yourself by doing things you really enjoy. ‘Write my paper then! Do my paper for me right now!’ If you are ready to exclaim these words with delight, we welcome you to our haven, a place where students spend their time serenely and never worry about papers! It’s your turn to have fun, whereas our mission is to provide you with the best papers delivered on time!
Questions our customers ask
Can someone write my paper for me.
Yes, we can. We have writers ready to cope with papers of any complexity. Just contact our specialists and let us help you.
Who can I pay to write a paper for me?
We will help you select a writer according to your needs. As soon as you hire our specialist, you’ll see a significant improvement in your grades.
Can I pay someone to write a paper for me?
Yes, you can. We have lots of professionals to choose from. We employ only well-qualified experts with vast experience in academic paper writing.
What website will write a paper for me?
WritePaperFor.me is the website you need. We offer a wide range of services to cover all your needs. Just place an order and provide instructions, and we will write a perfect paper for you.
Is it safe to use your paper writing service?
Our service is completely safe and anonymous. We don’t keep your personal and payment details and use the latest encryption systems to protect you.
What are you waiting for?
You are a couple of clicks away from tranquility at an affordable price!
- Will you write my paper for me? - Yes, we will.
What we offer:, let’s write a paper for you in no time, follow these 4 simple steps and solve you problem at once.
Provide details such as your topic, the number of pages, and extra requirements, and we’ll do a paper for you in no time!
Log in to your personal account to know the current status of your paper(s). You can also turn to our support team for the same purpose. Enjoy your life while we're working on your order.
As soon as we write the paper(s) for you, check it for correctness, and if everything is good to go, just download it and enjoy the results.
Our customers’ feedback
Still hesitant just look: others have already used our services and were pleased with the results.
Thank you guys for the amazing work! I got an A, and my professor was impressed. You have done the impossible, and I will never forget your help! The best service ever!
I ordered my paper two weeks ago and received it on time. The quality is very good, much better than other companies provide. My support agent is a pro, fast and simple explanations. Thanks!
I am firmly convinced that you will never disappoint me because you haven’t done it before. Amazing approaches and solutions at perfect prices! Please continue working the way you do!
I’ve been using WritePaperFor.me for about five months, and I have nothing to complain about. Excellent quality, perfect grammar, delivery on time, nice support team, pleasant prices, amazing results.
This service helped me focus on my job, and I will never forget the support I received. I’ve got a promotion in the end! Thanks a lot for everything you do for people like me!
I have to admit that searching for a reliable and professional service was a tough quest. Nevertheless, I am happy that I managed to find writepaperforme! Everything is much better than I expected!
The best bargain is just a few clicks away!
Get an original paper that doesn’t cost a fortune!
- 450 orders completed daily
- 86 disciplines of expertise
- 820+ professionals on our team
- 4.88/5 is the average order rating
Still have questions?
Contact our support agents and let them help you!
Is it time to write a paper for you? Contact us and relish the highest academic performance!
Our professionals will do their best!
You’ll write my paper for me, won’t you? We certainly will!
So tired of writing papers that you’re starting to think of your professor’s demise? Relax, we’re only joking! However, even a joke is woven with the thread of truth, and the truth is that endless assignments are constantly nagging at you and keeping you up all night long.
‘Writing my papers is unbearable!’ you may think But you’re not alone… What if we told you that we know a magical place where professionals can write your essays so perfectly that even professors’ most sophisticated requirements will be met? You’ve probably already guessed that we’re talking about WritePaperFor.me — the most delightful, facilitating, and destressing custom paper-writing service!
We are not going to be shy about our wish to see you as our steady customer. As a result, we aren’t twiddling our thumbs but permanently improving our services; we carefully select writers who always bone up on their subjects and disciplines, and we won’t rest unless you’ve gotten your ideal paper(s). All your wishes become our unshakable rules!
Why would I ask you to write paper for me?
Despite the obvious and even natural resistance to the idea of paper writing in principle that may occur with any student, you may also ask yourself, ‘Why would I need you to help me write my paper?’ The answer to this question lies in the spectrum of your routine actions. It’s not surprising that studying becomes part of our lives, but sometimes we’ve just got too much going on!
When you write an essay or academic paper, you just do one of the numerous things you face daily or weekly. This part of your life consumes lots of energy and time, so how can you possibly get around to doing other things like having fun, working, playing sports, helping relatives, and spending time with friends?
People are social creatures, and it’s only natural of us to request help from experts.. That’s why we ask doctors, electricians, or plumbers to help us! They’re all specialists. Who writes essays for you better than you do? Right, people who write numerous essays every day. We are experts in academic writing, aimed at satisfying all your needs related to education.
You just hire a professional to get a paper written, like you normally do in other situations. Our team of writers know everything about writing your paper and can cope with assignments of any complexity and academic level. Well-researched and expertly-written papers are what we do for our customers, and we always do our work professionally so that you could kick back and enjoy your life to the fullest.
The undeniable benefits of our custom paper-writing service
Apart from a paper written in accordance with the highest standards, we provide a wide range of contributory advantages to make your life easier. Let’s take a closer look at them.
Round-the-Clock Support. Our paper-writing service works day and night to help you with all current issues. Our friendly support team is available whenever you need them, even if it’s the middle of the night. They will gladly guide you and answer all your questions on how to order customized papers or consult you about the matters at hand. Feel free to share your questions or concerns with them and get comprehensible answers.
High-Class Quality. ‘Will you write a paper for me that meets all requirements?’ This question is frequently asked by many students, and we always answer in the affirmative. Our main goal is to deliver a perfectly written paper the meets the highest possible writing standards. We don’t rest unless you are satisfied with our work. If you hire a paper writer online, we guarantee you that you get 100% original and plagiarism-free assignments of high quality.
Complete Anonymity. We value your privacy and use modern encryption systems to protect you online. We don’t collect any personal or payment details and provide all our customers with 100% anonymity. ‘Can you write a paper for me and let me stay anonymous?’ Of course, we can! We are here to help you, not to cause problems.
Fast Delivery. We completely understand how strict deadlines may be when it comes to writing your paper. Even if your paper is due tomorrow morning, you can always rely on us. Our writers meet all set deadlines unequivocally. This rule is ironclad! The offered range is wide and starts from 6 hours to 2 weeks. Which one to choose is totally up to you. On our part, we guarantee that our writers will deliver your order on time.
Free Revisions. Our mission is to hone your paper to perfection. That’s why we offer you free revisions to make everything ideal and according to your needs. Feel free to ask for revisions if there is something you would like to be changed. That’s how our paper writing service works.
Money-Back Guarantee. You can get up to a 100% refund if you are dissatisfied with our work. Nevertheless, we are completely sure of our writers’ professionalism and credibility that offer you hard-core loyalty to our guarantees.
Comprehensible Explanations. ‘Can someone write my paper for me and provide clarifications?’ This question arises from time to time. Naturally, we want you to be totally prepared for the upcoming battle with your professor. If you need to fill the gaps in your knowledge, you can always ask for clarifications related to your paper. Moreover, when you order ‘write my paper for me’ service, you can always turn to our support agents for assistance. They will be glad to provide you with the necessary information and comprehensible explanations.
Fast and Customer-Focused Solutions. ‘Is it possible to do my paper for me so that I don’t worry about it at all?’ It certainly is! We offer all-encompassing solutions to all your academic problems by defining issues, determining their causes, selecting proper alternatives, and ultimately solving them. You are free to do your favorite activities while we are taking care of ongoing matters. You can always rely on us when it comes to essay-writing online and taking an individual approach to every case.
Who will write my paper when I order it?
Another crucial advantage of our service is our writers. You may have asked yourself, ‘I’d like to pay someone to write a paper for me, but who exactly will that person be?’ Once you order a paper, our managers will choose the best writer based on your requirements. You’ll get a writer who is a true expert in the relevant subject, and a perfect fit is certain to be found due to our thorough procedure of selecting.
Every applicant passes a complex procedure of tests to become one of our permanent writers. First of all, they should provide their credentials. We need to make sure that any prospective writers we hire have the proper experience.. The next step resides in passing a series of tests related to grammar, in addition to subject and/or discipline. Every paper-writer must pass them to prove their competency and their selected field of expertise.
One more step includes writing a sample to prove the ability to research and write consistently. Moreover, we always set our heart on hiring only devoted writers. When you ask us to write your essay or other academic works, you can be sure that they always do their best to provide you with well-structured and properly-written papers of high quality.
The final chord is related to special aspects of academic paper-writing. It means that every writer is prepared to cite properly, use different styles, and so on, so you don’t have to be worried about formatting at all.
‘So, can they write an ideal paper for me?’ We answer in the affirmative because we select only the best writers for our customers. Approximately 11% of all applicants can pass the whole set of tests and are ready to help you. All writers are fully compensated for their work and are highly motivated to provide you with the best results.
We are online 24/7 so that you could monitor the process of paper-writing and contact us whenever necessary. Don’t forget that your satisfaction is our priority. Our writers fully focus on your order when it comes to the ‘write my paper’ procedure. Our managers will immediately send all the information to your writer if any corrections are required.
It’s time to write my paper! What should I do?
‘I am ready to pay to have a paper written! Where do I start?’ Our team hears these words every day. We really believe that every student should be happy. That’s why we offer you to look at the simple steps to make the process even more convenient.
- Fill in the comprehensible order form located on the main page of our website. If you need some help with it, feel free to contact our support team.
- Provide the necessary details, such as the topic, subject or discipline, paper format, your academic level, etc.
- Select the deadline, and we will strictly follow it.
- Pay the total price. Submit a preferred payment method. The full sum will be deposited into your account on our website. The money will be transferred to your writer in case you approve the paper.
- If you have additional materials provided by your professor or may simply assist in writing your paper, please attach them too. They will help the assigned writer meet your professor’s expectations.
Every paper we can write for you is expertly-researched, well-structured, and consistent. Take a look at some types of papers we can help you with:
- Dissertations
- Research papers
- Case studies
- Term papers
- Business plans, etc.
Questions like ‘I would like you to write a paper for me without destroying my reputation. Can you promise to do so?’ or ‘Can you write my paper for me cheap and fast?’ often arise, and we take pride that these options are included in the list. Your safety and anonymity are parts of our common priority, which is to make you fully satisfied with all offered services.
Moreover, our pricing policy is flexible and allows you to select the options that totally suit your needs at affordable prices. You will be pleased with the results and the amount of money spent on your order. Our managers and writers will do the rest according to the highest standards.
Don’t hesitate and hire a writer to work on your paper now!
We believe that students know what is best for them, and if you suppose that it is time to ‘write my paper right now,’ we will help you handle it. ‘Will you do my paper without any hesitation?’ Of course, we will. Our service has all the necessary prerequisites to complete assignments regardless of their difficulty, academic level, or the number of pages. We choose a writer who has vast experience and a breadth of knowledge related to your topic.
Our ‘write my paper for me’ service offers a wide range of extra features to make the ordering process even more pleasant and convenient. Unlike lots of other services, we provide formatting, bibliography, amendments, and a title page for free.
‘When you write my paper for me? Can I monitor the process?’ Naturally, you can. We understand that you may want to ensure that everything is going well. Furthermore, there may be situations when some corrections are needed. We believe that a tool like this can come in handy. The assigned writer will strictly follow your and your professor’s requirements to make sure that your paper is perfect.
‘Is it possible to write my essay from scratch?’ We don’t do just proofreading or editing. Our goal is to fully carry your burden of writing. When this or similar questions appear, we always assure our customers that our writers can do whatever they need. Apart from writing from scratch or editing and proofreading, our experts can effortlessly cope with problem-solving of all kinds;even sophisticated software assignments!
Our ‘write my paper for me’ service is good for everyone who wants to delegate paper-writing to professionals and save precious time that can be spent differently and in a more practical way. We want you to be happy by offering the great opportunity to forget about endless and boring assignments once and forever. You won’t miss anything if your papers become the concern of our professional writers.
Don’t waste your precious time browsing other services. We provide you with everything you need while you are enjoying yourself by doing things you really enjoy. ‘Write my paper then! Do my paper for me right now!’ If you are ready to exclaim these words with delight, we welcome you to our haven, a place where students spend their time serenely and never worry about papers! It’s your turn to have fun, whereas our mission is to provide you with the best papers delivered on time!
Questions our customers ask
Can someone write my paper for me.
Yes, we can. We have writers ready to cope with papers of any complexity. Just contact our specialists and let us help you.
Who can I pay to write a paper for me?
We will help you select a writer according to your needs. As soon as you hire our specialist, you’ll see a significant improvement in your grades.
Can I pay someone to write a paper for me?
Yes, you can. We have lots of professionals to choose from. We employ only well-qualified experts with vast experience in academic paper writing.
What website will write a paper for me?
WritePaperFor.me is the website you need. We offer a wide range of services to cover all your needs. Just place an order and provide instructions, and we will write a perfect paper for you.
Is it safe to use your paper writing service?
Our service is completely safe and anonymous. We don’t keep your personal and payment details and use the latest encryption systems to protect you.
What are you waiting for?
You are a couple of clicks away from tranquility at an affordable price!
- Will you write my paper for me? - Yes, we will.
What we offer:, let’s write a paper for you in no time, follow these 4 simple steps and solve you problem at once.
Provide details such as your topic, the number of pages, and extra requirements, and we’ll do a paper for you in no time!
Log in to your personal account to know the current status of your paper(s). You can also turn to our support team for the same purpose. Enjoy your life while we're working on your order.
As soon as we write the paper(s) for you, check it for correctness, and if everything is good to go, just download it and enjoy the results.
Our customers’ feedback
Still hesitant just look: others have already used our services and were pleased with the results.
Thank you guys for the amazing work! I got an A, and my professor was impressed. You have done the impossible, and I will never forget your help! The best service ever!
I ordered my paper two weeks ago and received it on time. The quality is very good, much better than other companies provide. My support agent is a pro, fast and simple explanations. Thanks!
I am firmly convinced that you will never disappoint me because you haven’t done it before. Amazing approaches and solutions at perfect prices! Please continue working the way you do!
I’ve been using WritePaperFor.me for about five months, and I have nothing to complain about. Excellent quality, perfect grammar, delivery on time, nice support team, pleasant prices, amazing results.
This service helped me focus on my job, and I will never forget the support I received. I’ve got a promotion in the end! Thanks a lot for everything you do for people like me!
I have to admit that searching for a reliable and professional service was a tough quest. Nevertheless, I am happy that I managed to find writepaperforme! Everything is much better than I expected!
The best bargain is just a few clicks away!
Get an original paper that doesn’t cost a fortune!
- 450 orders completed daily
- 86 disciplines of expertise
- 820+ professionals on our team
- 4.88/5 is the average order rating
Still have questions?
Contact our support agents and let them help you!
Is it time to write a paper for you? Contact us and relish the highest academic performance!
Our professionals will do their best!
You’ll write my paper for me, won’t you? We certainly will!
So tired of writing papers that you’re starting to think of your professor’s demise? Relax, we’re only joking! However, even a joke is woven with the thread of truth, and the truth is that endless assignments are constantly nagging at you and keeping you up all night long.
‘Writing my papers is unbearable!’ you may think But you’re not alone… What if we told you that we know a magical place where professionals can write your essays so perfectly that even professors’ most sophisticated requirements will be met? You’ve probably already guessed that we’re talking about WritePaperFor.me — the most delightful, facilitating, and destressing custom paper-writing service!
We are not going to be shy about our wish to see you as our steady customer. As a result, we aren’t twiddling our thumbs but permanently improving our services; we carefully select writers who always bone up on their subjects and disciplines, and we won’t rest unless you’ve gotten your ideal paper(s). All your wishes become our unshakable rules!
Why would I ask you to write paper for me?
Despite the obvious and even natural resistance to the idea of paper writing in principle that may occur with any student, you may also ask yourself, ‘Why would I need you to help me write my paper?’ The answer to this question lies in the spectrum of your routine actions. It’s not surprising that studying becomes part of our lives, but sometimes we’ve just got too much going on!
When you write an essay or academic paper, you just do one of the numerous things you face daily or weekly. This part of your life consumes lots of energy and time, so how can you possibly get around to doing other things like having fun, working, playing sports, helping relatives, and spending time with friends?
People are social creatures, and it’s only natural of us to request help from experts.. That’s why we ask doctors, electricians, or plumbers to help us! They’re all specialists. Who writes essays for you better than you do? Right, people who write numerous essays every day. We are experts in academic writing, aimed at satisfying all your needs related to education.
You just hire a professional to get a paper written, like you normally do in other situations. Our team of writers know everything about writing your paper and can cope with assignments of any complexity and academic level. Well-researched and expertly-written papers are what we do for our customers, and we always do our work professionally so that you could kick back and enjoy your life to the fullest.
The undeniable benefits of our custom paper-writing service
Apart from a paper written in accordance with the highest standards, we provide a wide range of contributory advantages to make your life easier. Let’s take a closer look at them.
Round-the-Clock Support. Our paper-writing service works day and night to help you with all current issues. Our friendly support team is available whenever you need them, even if it’s the middle of the night. They will gladly guide you and answer all your questions on how to order customized papers or consult you about the matters at hand. Feel free to share your questions or concerns with them and get comprehensible answers.
High-Class Quality. ‘Will you write a paper for me that meets all requirements?’ This question is frequently asked by many students, and we always answer in the affirmative. Our main goal is to deliver a perfectly written paper the meets the highest possible writing standards. We don’t rest unless you are satisfied with our work. If you hire a paper writer online, we guarantee you that you get 100% original and plagiarism-free assignments of high quality.
Complete Anonymity. We value your privacy and use modern encryption systems to protect you online. We don’t collect any personal or payment details and provide all our customers with 100% anonymity. ‘Can you write a paper for me and let me stay anonymous?’ Of course, we can! We are here to help you, not to cause problems.
Fast Delivery. We completely understand how strict deadlines may be when it comes to writing your paper. Even if your paper is due tomorrow morning, you can always rely on us. Our writers meet all set deadlines unequivocally. This rule is ironclad! The offered range is wide and starts from 6 hours to 2 weeks. Which one to choose is totally up to you. On our part, we guarantee that our writers will deliver your order on time.
Free Revisions. Our mission is to hone your paper to perfection. That’s why we offer you free revisions to make everything ideal and according to your needs. Feel free to ask for revisions if there is something you would like to be changed. That’s how our paper writing service works.
Money-Back Guarantee. You can get up to a 100% refund if you are dissatisfied with our work. Nevertheless, we are completely sure of our writers’ professionalism and credibility that offer you hard-core loyalty to our guarantees.
Comprehensible Explanations. ‘Can someone write my paper for me and provide clarifications?’ This question arises from time to time. Naturally, we want you to be totally prepared for the upcoming battle with your professor. If you need to fill the gaps in your knowledge, you can always ask for clarifications related to your paper. Moreover, when you order ‘write my paper for me’ service, you can always turn to our support agents for assistance. They will be glad to provide you with the necessary information and comprehensible explanations.
Fast and Customer-Focused Solutions. ‘Is it possible to do my paper for me so that I don’t worry about it at all?’ It certainly is! We offer all-encompassing solutions to all your academic problems by defining issues, determining their causes, selecting proper alternatives, and ultimately solving them. You are free to do your favorite activities while we are taking care of ongoing matters. You can always rely on us when it comes to essay-writing online and taking an individual approach to every case.
Who will write my paper when I order it?
Another crucial advantage of our service is our writers. You may have asked yourself, ‘I’d like to pay someone to write a paper for me, but who exactly will that person be?’ Once you order a paper, our managers will choose the best writer based on your requirements. You’ll get a writer who is a true expert in the relevant subject, and a perfect fit is certain to be found due to our thorough procedure of selecting.
Every applicant passes a complex procedure of tests to become one of our permanent writers. First of all, they should provide their credentials. We need to make sure that any prospective writers we hire have the proper experience.. The next step resides in passing a series of tests related to grammar, in addition to subject and/or discipline. Every paper-writer must pass them to prove their competency and their selected field of expertise.
One more step includes writing a sample to prove the ability to research and write consistently. Moreover, we always set our heart on hiring only devoted writers. When you ask us to write your essay or other academic works, you can be sure that they always do their best to provide you with well-structured and properly-written papers of high quality.
The final chord is related to special aspects of academic paper-writing. It means that every writer is prepared to cite properly, use different styles, and so on, so you don’t have to be worried about formatting at all.
‘So, can they write an ideal paper for me?’ We answer in the affirmative because we select only the best writers for our customers. Approximately 11% of all applicants can pass the whole set of tests and are ready to help you. All writers are fully compensated for their work and are highly motivated to provide you with the best results.
We are online 24/7 so that you could monitor the process of paper-writing and contact us whenever necessary. Don’t forget that your satisfaction is our priority. Our writers fully focus on your order when it comes to the ‘write my paper’ procedure. Our managers will immediately send all the information to your writer if any corrections are required.
It’s time to write my paper! What should I do?
‘I am ready to pay to have a paper written! Where do I start?’ Our team hears these words every day. We really believe that every student should be happy. That’s why we offer you to look at the simple steps to make the process even more convenient.
- Fill in the comprehensible order form located on the main page of our website. If you need some help with it, feel free to contact our support team.
- Provide the necessary details, such as the topic, subject or discipline, paper format, your academic level, etc.
- Select the deadline, and we will strictly follow it.
- Pay the total price. Submit a preferred payment method. The full sum will be deposited into your account on our website. The money will be transferred to your writer in case you approve the paper.
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Every paper we can write for you is expertly-researched, well-structured, and consistent. Take a look at some types of papers we can help you with:
- Dissertations
- Research papers
- Case studies
- Term papers
- Business plans, etc.
Questions like ‘I would like you to write a paper for me without destroying my reputation. Can you promise to do so?’ or ‘Can you write my paper for me cheap and fast?’ often arise, and we take pride that these options are included in the list. Your safety and anonymity are parts of our common priority, which is to make you fully satisfied with all offered services.
Moreover, our pricing policy is flexible and allows you to select the options that totally suit your needs at affordable prices. You will be pleased with the results and the amount of money spent on your order. Our managers and writers will do the rest according to the highest standards.
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Our ‘write my paper for me’ service is good for everyone who wants to delegate paper-writing to professionals and save precious time that can be spent differently and in a more practical way. We want you to be happy by offering the great opportunity to forget about endless and boring assignments once and forever. You won’t miss anything if your papers become the concern of our professional writers.
Don’t waste your precious time browsing other services. We provide you with everything you need while you are enjoying yourself by doing things you really enjoy. ‘Write my paper then! Do my paper for me right now!’ If you are ready to exclaim these words with delight, we welcome you to our haven, a place where students spend their time serenely and never worry about papers! It’s your turn to have fun, whereas our mission is to provide you with the best papers delivered on time!
Questions our customers ask
Can someone write my paper for me.
Yes, we can. We have writers ready to cope with papers of any complexity. Just contact our specialists and let us help you.
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We will help you select a writer according to your needs. As soon as you hire our specialist, you’ll see a significant improvement in your grades.
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- Provide the necessary details, such as the topic, subject or discipline, paper format, your academic level, etc.
- Select the deadline, and we will strictly follow it.
- Pay the total price. Submit a preferred payment method. The full sum will be deposited into your account on our website. The money will be transferred to your writer in case you approve the paper.
- If you have additional materials provided by your professor or may simply assist in writing your paper, please attach them too. They will help the assigned writer meet your professor’s expectations.
Every paper we can write for you is expertly-researched, well-structured, and consistent. Take a look at some types of papers we can help you with:
- Dissertations
- Research papers
- Case studies
- Term papers
- Business plans, etc.
Questions like ‘I would like you to write a paper for me without destroying my reputation. Can you promise to do so?’ or ‘Can you write my paper for me cheap and fast?’ often arise, and we take pride that these options are included in the list. Your safety and anonymity are parts of our common priority, which is to make you fully satisfied with all offered services.
Moreover, our pricing policy is flexible and allows you to select the options that totally suit your needs at affordable prices. You will be pleased with the results and the amount of money spent on your order. Our managers and writers will do the rest according to the highest standards.
Don’t hesitate and hire a writer to work on your paper now!
We believe that students know what is best for them, and if you suppose that it is time to ‘write my paper right now,’ we will help you handle it. ‘Will you do my paper without any hesitation?’ Of course, we will. Our service has all the necessary prerequisites to complete assignments regardless of their difficulty, academic level, or the number of pages. We choose a writer who has vast experience and a breadth of knowledge related to your topic.
Our ‘write my paper for me’ service offers a wide range of extra features to make the ordering process even more pleasant and convenient. Unlike lots of other services, we provide formatting, bibliography, amendments, and a title page for free.
‘When you write my paper for me? Can I monitor the process?’ Naturally, you can. We understand that you may want to ensure that everything is going well. Furthermore, there may be situations when some corrections are needed. We believe that a tool like this can come in handy. The assigned writer will strictly follow your and your professor’s requirements to make sure that your paper is perfect.
‘Is it possible to write my essay from scratch?’ We don’t do just proofreading or editing. Our goal is to fully carry your burden of writing. When this or similar questions appear, we always assure our customers that our writers can do whatever they need. Apart from writing from scratch or editing and proofreading, our experts can effortlessly cope with problem-solving of all kinds;even sophisticated software assignments!
Our ‘write my paper for me’ service is good for everyone who wants to delegate paper-writing to professionals and save precious time that can be spent differently and in a more practical way. We want you to be happy by offering the great opportunity to forget about endless and boring assignments once and forever. You won’t miss anything if your papers become the concern of our professional writers.
Don’t waste your precious time browsing other services. We provide you with everything you need while you are enjoying yourself by doing things you really enjoy. ‘Write my paper then! Do my paper for me right now!’ If you are ready to exclaim these words with delight, we welcome you to our haven, a place where students spend their time serenely and never worry about papers! It’s your turn to have fun, whereas our mission is to provide you with the best papers delivered on time!
Questions our customers ask
Can someone write my paper for me.
Yes, we can. We have writers ready to cope with papers of any complexity. Just contact our specialists and let us help you.
Who can I pay to write a paper for me?
We will help you select a writer according to your needs. As soon as you hire our specialist, you’ll see a significant improvement in your grades.
Can I pay someone to write a paper for me?
Yes, you can. We have lots of professionals to choose from. We employ only well-qualified experts with vast experience in academic paper writing.
What website will write a paper for me?
WritePaperFor.me is the website you need. We offer a wide range of services to cover all your needs. Just place an order and provide instructions, and we will write a perfect paper for you.
Is it safe to use your paper writing service?
Our service is completely safe and anonymous. We don’t keep your personal and payment details and use the latest encryption systems to protect you.
What are you waiting for?
You are a couple of clicks away from tranquility at an affordable price!
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Turabian is a version of Chicago style that's specifically designed for students and researchers. If you've been told to follow Chicago style when writing your academic research paper, thesis, or dissertation, it's usually the Turabian guidelines that will be most useful to you. Note
Example Turabian Style Paper Recently, the Academics Department and Distance Education Department at Manna University collaborated on an example Turabian style paper for assisting students in our Bible and Theology courses at both the Undergraduate and Graduate levels.
Turabian Style suggests that writers in the humanities use footnote references to cite sources. A professor may also require a bibliography page. You should indicate sources for quotations (exact words) and paraphrases (ideas stated in your words) in your writing.
Turabian Style was developed especially for students by Kate Turabian, the dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago, and based on the Chicago style of writing. Turabian Style is used mainly for history papers, but it is sometimes used in other disciplines. Chicago style is a standard used for formatting scholarly books.
Turabian Template for assignments WITH headings (NOTE: do not add quotation marks around the titles of your papers; all macro-enabled fields in the template have those marks to denote the...
A Turabian Style Sample Paper Karen Shaw English 214 Professor Bell 22 March 2001 . Shaw 2 Apes and Language: A Literature Review Over the past thirty years, researchers have demonstrated that the great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) resemble humans in language abilities more than had
Turabian - 1 - Document Set-up Turabian title page in Word Turabian - 2 - Title Page - Word 2007 Simple Formatting Guidelines Margins Paper size - 8.5 inch x 11 inch 1 inch on all four edges of the page Typeface/Font size Easily read; preferably serifed, ex. Times New Roman 12-point is accepted size Spacing/Indentation
Turabian Annotated Bibliography Example Chicago Paper Example (Purdue Owl) Formatting Guidelines Margins (A.1.1) Paper size - 8 1/2 x 11 inches 1 inch at top, bottom, and both sides Font (A.1.2) Use easy to read font, such as Times New Roman 12-point font size Spacing and Indentation (A.1.3)
Theses and dissertations (but not research papers) should include a complete list of the abbreviations used. Follow the example on Turabian, p. 387. Format of the Thesis All of the formatting conventions adopted by DTS have been saved as settings in the thesis and term paper templates, which the student is encouraged to use.
Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from a Database Citation Structure Note: 1. First name Last name, "Title" (master's thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, Database (Identification Number). Bibliography: Last name, First name. "Title." Master's thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published.
(Note that Chicago style permits the use of an alternative author-date in-text citation system, similar to APA, but few instructors use this method.) In addition to notes, Chicago/Turabian requires the inclusion of a bibliography, which is an alphabetized list of all sources appearing at the end of the paper. Some instructors
The Turabian style paper format refers to how the content has been laid out in a visual format for the reader to understand better. The aim of the text will depend on the type of assignment that has been assigned to you, like research, developing ideas or describing events.
1. Name of the Author. The name of the author of a thesis is the first item in a bibliographic entry when citing a dissertation or thesis in Chicago/Turabian. For instance, the author's name should appear in an inverted form in the bibliography. In this case, one must place the last name first.
Turabian Style Thesis Paper 448 Customer Reviews Letter/Memos User ID: 104293 Hire a Writer Andre Cardoso #30 in Global Rating User ID: 108261 Show More 1722 Orders prepared Level: College, High School, University, Master's, PHD, Undergraduate REVIEWS HIRE
Turabian is a simpler version of Chicago style meant for students who are writing materials that will not be published. Since the CMOS is meant for material that is intended for publication, it's often used by scholars, publishers, and other professional academics.
Turabian Style Thesis Paper 17 Customer reviews User ID: 123019 is here to help you! Student years are the best time of one's life. You are in the prime of your life and hopeful about the bright future ahead. This is the period that leaves the funniest photos, the sweetest memories, and gives you the most faithful friends.
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Turabian Style Thesis Papers | Best Writing Service 652 Finished Papers The essay writers who will write an essay for me have been in this domain for years and know the consequences that you will face if the draft is found to have plagiarism. Thus, they take notes and then put the information in their own words for the draft.