example essay report

How to Write a Report: A Guide

A report is a nonfiction account that presents and/or summarizes the facts about a particular event, topic, or issue. The idea is that people who are unfamiliar with the subject can find everything they need to know from a good report.

Reports make it easy to catch someone up to speed on a subject, but actually writing a report is anything but easy. So to help you understand what to do, below we present a little report of our own, all about report writing.

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What is a report?

In technical terms, the definition of a report is pretty vague: any account, spoken or written, of the matters concerning a particular topic. This could refer to anything from a courtroom testimony to a grade schooler’s book report.

Really, when people talk about “reports,” they’re usually referring to official documents outlining the facts of a topic, typically written by an expert on the subject or someone assigned to investigate it. There are different types of reports, explained in the next section, but they mostly fit this description.

What kind of information is shared in reports? Although all facts are welcome, reports, in particular, tend to feature these types of content:

Reports are closely related to essay writing , although there are some clear distinctions. While both rely on facts, essays add the personal opinions and arguments of the authors. Reports typically stick only to the facts, although they may include some of the author’s interpretation of these facts, most likely in the conclusion.

Moreover, reports are heavily organized, commonly with tables of contents and copious headings and subheadings. This makes it easier for readers to scan reports for the information they’re looking for. Essays, on the other hand, are meant to be read start to finish, not browsed for specific insights.

Types of reports

There are a few different types of reports, depending on the purpose and to whom you present your report. Here’s a quick list of the common types of reports:

Reports can be further divided into categories based on how they are written. For example, a report could be formal or informal, short or long, and internal or external. In business, a vertical report shares information with people on different levels of the hierarchy (i.e., people who work above you and below you), while a lateral report is for people on the author’s same level, but in different departments.

There are as many types of reports as there are writing styles, but in this guide, we focus on academic reports, which tend to be formal and informational.

>>Read More: What Is Academic Writing?

What is the structure of a report?

The structure of a report depends on the type of report and the requirements of the assignment. While reports can use their own unique structure, most follow this basic template:

If you’re familiar with how to write a research paper , you’ll notice that report writing follows the same introduction-body-conclusion structure, sometimes adding an executive summary. Reports usually have their own additional requirements as well, such as title pages and tables of content, which we explain in the next section.

What should be included in a report?

There are no firm requirements for what’s included in a report. Every school, company, laboratory, task manager, and teacher can make their own format, depending on their unique needs. In general, though, be on the lookout for these particular requirements—they tend to crop up a lot:

As always, refer to the assignment for the specific guidelines on each of these. The people who read the report should tell you which style guides or formatting they require.

How to write a report in 7 steps

Now let’s get into the specifics of how to write a report. Follow the seven steps on report writing below to take you from an idea to a completed paper.

1 Choose a topic based on the assignment

Before you start writing, you need to pick the topic of your report. Often, the topic is assigned for you, as with most business reports, or predetermined by the nature of your work, as with scientific reports. If that’s the case, you can ignore this step and move on.

If you’re in charge of choosing your own topic, as with a lot of academic reports, then this is one of the most important steps in the whole writing process. Try to pick a topic that fits these two criteria:

Of course, don’t forget the instructions of the assignment, including length, so keep those in the back of your head when deciding.

2 Conduct research

With business and scientific reports, the research is usually your own or provided by the company—although there’s still plenty of digging for external sources in both.

For academic papers, you’re largely on your own for research, unless you’re required to use class materials. That’s one of the reasons why choosing the right topic is so crucial; you won’t go far if the topic you picked doesn’t have enough available research.

The key is to search only for reputable sources: official documents, other reports, research papers, case studies, books from respected authors, etc. Feel free to use research cited in other similar reports. You can often find a lot of information online through search engines, but a quick trip to the library can also help in a pinch.

3 Write a thesis statement

Before you go any further, write a thesis statement to help you conceptualize the main theme of your report. Just like the topic sentence of a paragraph, the thesis statement summarizes the main point of your writing, in this case, the report.

Once you’ve collected enough research, you should notice some trends and patterns in the information. If these patterns all infer or lead up to a bigger, overarching point, that’s your thesis statement.

For example, if you were writing a report on the wages of fast-food employees, your thesis might be something like, “Although wages used to be commensurate with living expenses, after years of stagnation they are no longer adequate.” From there, the rest of your report will elaborate on that thesis, with ample evidence and supporting arguments.

It’s good to include your thesis statement in both the executive summary and introduction of your report, but you still want to figure it out early so you know which direction to go when you work on your outline next.

4 Prepare an outline

Writing an outline is recommended for all kinds of writing, but it’s especially useful for reports given their emphasis on organization. Because reports are often separated by headings and subheadings, a solid outline makes sure you stay on track while writing without missing anything.

Really, you should start thinking about your outline during the research phase, when you start to notice patterns and trends. If you’re stuck, try making a list of all the key points, details, and evidence you want to mention. See if you can fit them into general and specific categories, which you can turn into headings and subheadings respectively.

5 Write a rough draft

Actually writing the rough draft , or first draft, is usually the most time-consuming step. Here’s where you take all the information from your research and put it into words. To avoid getting overwhelmed, simply follow your outline step by step to make sure you don’t accidentally leave out anything.

Don’t be afraid to make mistakes; that’s the number one rule for writing a rough draft. Expecting your first draft to be perfect adds a lot of pressure. Instead, write in a natural and relaxed way, and worry about the specific details like word choice and correcting mistakes later. That’s what the last two steps are for, anyway.

6 Revise and edit your report

Once your rough draft is finished, it’s time to go back and start fixing the mistakes you ignored the first time around. (Before you dive right back in, though, it helps to sleep on it to start editing fresh, or at least take a small break to unwind from writing the rough draft.)

We recommend first rereading your report for any major issues, such as cutting or moving around entire sentences and paragraphs. Sometimes you’ll find your data doesn’t line up, or that you misinterpreted a key piece of evidence. This is the right time to fix the “big picture” mistakes and rewrite any longer sections as needed.

If you’re unfamiliar with what to look for when editing, you can read our previous guide with some more advanced self-editing tips .

7 Proofread and check for mistakes

Last, it pays to go over your report one final time, just to optimize your wording and check for grammatical or spelling mistakes. In the previous step you checked for “big picture” mistakes, but here you’re looking for specific, even nitpicky problems.

A writing assistant like Grammarly flags those issues for you. Grammarly’s free version points out any spelling and grammatical mistakes while you write, with suggestions to improve your writing that you can apply with just one click. The Premium version offers even more advanced features, such as tone adjustments and word choice recommendations for taking your writing to the next level.

example essay report

Report writing

What is a report and how does it differ from writing an essay? Reports are concise and have a formal structure. They are often used to communicate the results or findings of a project.

Essays by contrast are often used to show a tutor what you think about a topic. They are discursive and the structure can be left to the discretion of the writer.

Who and what is the report for?

Before you write a report, you need to be clear about who you are writing the report for and why the report has been commissioned.

Keep the audience in mind as you write your report, think about what they need to know. For example, the report could be for:

Reports are usually assessed on content, structure, layout, language, and referencing. You should consider the focus of your report, for example:

Language of report writing

Reports use clear and concise language, which can differ considerably from essay writing.

They are often broken down in to sections, which each have their own headings and sub-headings. These sections may include bullet points or numbering as well as more structured sentences. Paragraphs are usually shorter in a report than in an essay.

Both essays and reports are examples of academic writing. You are expected to use grammatically correct sentence structure, vocabulary and punctuation.

Academic writing is formal so you should avoid using apostrophes and contractions such as “it’s” and "couldn't". Instead, use “it is” and “could not”.

Structure and organisation

Reports are much more structured than essays. They are divided in to sections and sub-sections that are formatted using bullet points or numbering.

Report structures do vary among disciplines, but the most common structures include the following:

The title page needs to be informative and descriptive, concisely stating the topic of the report.

Abstract (or Executive Summary in business reports)

The abstract is a brief summary of the context, methods, findings and conclusions of the report. It is intended to give the reader an overview of the report before they continue reading, so it is a good idea to write this section last.

An executive summary should outline the key problem and objectives, and then cover the main findings and key recommendations.

Table of contents

Readers will use this table of contents to identify which sections are most relevant to them. You must make sure your contents page correctly represents the structure of your report.

Take a look at this sample contents page.

Introduction

In your introduction you should include information about the background to your research, and what its aims and objectives are. You can also refer to the literature in this section; reporting what is already known about your question/topic, and if there are any gaps. Some reports are also expected to include a section called ‘Terms of references’, where you identify who asked for the report, what is covers, and what its limitations are.

Methodology

If your report involved research activity, you should state what that was, for example you may have interviewed clients, organised some focus groups, or done a literature review. The methodology section should provide an accurate description of the material and procedures used so that others could replicate the experiment you conducted.

Results/findings

The results/findings section should be an objective summary of your findings, which can use tables, graphs, or figures to describe the most important results and trends. You do not need to attempt to provide reasons for your results (this will happen in the discussion section).

In the discussion you are expected to critically evaluate your findings. You may need to re-state what your report was aiming to prove and whether this has been achieved. You should also assess the accuracy and significance of your findings, and show how it fits in the context of previous research.

Conclusion/recommendations

Your conclusion should summarise the outcomes of your report and make suggestions for further research or action to be taken. You may also need to include a list of specific recommendations as a result of your study.

The references are a list of any sources you have used in your report. Your report should use the standard referencing style preferred by your school or department eg Harvard, Numeric, OSCOLA etc.

You should use appendices to expand on points referred to in the main body of the report. If you only have one item it is an appendix, if you have more than one they are called appendices. You can use appendices to provide backup information, usually data or statistics, but it is important that the information contained is directly relevant to the content of the report.

Appendices can be given alphabetical or numerical headings, for example Appendix A, or Appendix 1. The order they appear at the back of your report is determined by the order that they are mentioned in the body of your report. You should refer to your appendices within the text of your report, for example ‘see Appendix B for a breakdown of the questionnaire results’. Don’t forget to list the appendices in your contents page.

Presentation and layout

Reports are written in several sections and may also include visual data such as figures and tables. The layout and presentation is therefore very important.

Your tutor or your module handbook will state how the report should be presented in terms of font sizes, margins, text alignment etc.

You will need good IT skills to manipulate graphical data and work with columns and tables. If you need to improve these skills, try the following online resources:

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Report Writing Format with Templates and Sample Report

Report Writing Format with Templates and Sample Report

Written by: Orana Velarde

An illustration of a woman at a desk working on a report on her computer.

There are many types of reports – sales reports, marketing reports, school reports, social media reports and more.

But no matter which type of report you have to write, it must follow the correct report writing format. With the right format, your report will be easy to read and understand.

First of all, a report is unlike an essay, blog post or journalistic article. The main idea of a report is to present facts about a specific topic, situation, or event.

It’s not about supporting ideas or hypotheses. The information must be presented in a clear and concise way — that’s why the proper report writing format is essential.

Just as there are different types of reports, there are also different ways to deliver them. Reports can be printed documents, interactive slide decks or even a visual infographic .

Follow the format in this article independently of your report’s visual composition. The content should be set up the same way for any format you choose.

Once you’ve written your report, log into your Visme dashboard and find the perfect report template for your needs. Input your written content, create data visualizations and create a report that won’t bore your audience.

Here's a short selection of 6 easy-to-edit report templates you can edit, share and download with Visme. View more templates below:

example essay report

Table of Contents

6 types of reports, the ultimate report writing format, top report writing tips, sample report in standard report writing format.

There are a selection of different reports you might need to create. Each of these will follow a similar reporting writing format to what we've covering in this post.

1. Annual Reports

The first type of report we'll cover is an annual report . This will typically round up a business's year of progress and performance to let supervisors and team members know how the company did.

It can include anything from website analytics to sales profits, depending on who the report is meant for.

A yellow and black annual report template available in Visme.

2. Weekly Reports

One report that is helpful to provide your team is a weekly report based on your progress in various projects and goals. This can be a simple one-pager, or a more in-depth report with specific updates.

A blue and green weekly report template available in Visme.

3. Project Reports

Keep clients and team members up-to-date on the status of various projects you're working on by providing them with a project report. This can include a timeline of your report progress and the deadline for each segment to keep everyone on the same page.

A yellow and grey project status report template available in Visme.

4. Sales/Marketing Reports

It's essential to keep your team updated on how your sales and/or marketing strategies are going. Put together graphs showing profit margins, increases in engagement and more.

These types of reports are also a great way to determine whether your strategies are working or if they need some tweaking in the future.

A yellow yellow and blue sales report template available in Visme.

5. Research Report

Sometimes if you need to do some in-depth research, the best way to present that information is with a research report. Whether it's scientific findings, data and statistics from a study, etc., a research report is a great way to share your results.

A blue and white "state of" research report template available in Visme.

6. Academic Report

An academic report is one created for a class, often in graduate or undergraduate university. This follows a formal writing style and dives into a topic related to the student's academic studies.

A seminar presentation template available in Visme.

Now we're getting to the good part — the ultimate report writing format. While this may vary based on the data and information you pull, following along with this format is always going to be a great way to start off any report.

It goes a little something like this:

Each of these eight elements ensures that you leave no stone unturned and that your reader knows exactly what they're learning in your report and how you gathered this information.

Your next step is to get started with an outline. At each point of the outline, use one or two sentences to describe what will go in there. It doesn’t need to say much, just an idea for you to follow later. Input some design ideas for the overall design as well.

For example, in the Table of Contents section, simply add that you want it to only cover one page or slide, make a note if you’d like to add the pages for only the main sections or maybe also the subsections.

In the Appendices section, list all the links to the sources you used and add on as you do more research. Every source you reference in your report must be listed here.

The most important part of your outline is the Body section. In there, create an internal outline of sections and subsections that you can follow later when writing.

An illustration of a sheet of paper with a report outline written on it.

After you’ve drafted the outline, it’s time to put together all of the content into the report. The outline we provided above is the only report writing format you’ll ever need. You can add sections if needed but don’t take any away.

Let’s take a look at every section in detail.

The title page of a report.

Customize this report template and make it your own! Edit and Download

The title of your report should be clear in its wording. It must say exactly what the report is about. Remember that this isn’t a novel. Include a subtitle if necessary, making sure the font size of each subtitle is smaller than the title.

In terms of design , your title can be designed as an inviting cover page. There needs to be a clear hierarchy in how the title looks.

On your title or cover page , be sure to include the following:

The table of contents in a report.

Always leave the Table of Contents page until the end. After all, you can’t write a table of contents if you don’t know all of your page numbers yet.

However, if your Body outline already has each of your section and subsection titles defined, you can add those to the contents and leave the numbering for later.

Having a Table of Content pages makes it easy for your readers to find the information they're most interested in quickly and easily, improving overall readability. So you absolutely do not want to skip this step.

The summary page of a report.

Likewise, the summary (also known as the abstract) of the report is best done after you’ve finished writing the report. You can draft a summary at the beginning to help you continue with the work, but you’ll definitely want to revisit it at the end.

A summary is a blurb of the entire report . It must include the purpose, the process and a snippet of the resolution. This should be no longer than a single paragraph or two.

Introduction

The introductory page of a report.

In the introduction, state what the report is about and why it has been created. Depending on the length of your report , the introduction could range from one single paragraph to an entire page long.

For example, one paragraph is enough for a social media report introduction while an entire page would be more suitable for an annual report .

Take this time to introduce why your topic is so important, especially if it's a research report. You need to focus on why your readers should care about what you have uncovered.

Three body pages of a report sharing the research findings.

The body of your report is where all the information is put together and will be the longest section of your report. This will likely span several (anywhere from 5-50) pages. Follow your initial outline to maintain consistent flow in the content creation. Write the body content as sections and subsections.

Furthermore, use bullet points and data visualization as visual cues . These will help your audience to better understand the content of your report.

Check out this video from Visme for some tips on visualizing all that data!

example essay report

Close your report with a well-crafted conclusion . Formulate it as a brief summary of what was covered within the report, and be sure to include a mention to the recommendations section and the resources in the appendix.

This section should never bring new information to the table — instead, it should simply summarize all of the findings you've already mentioned into one concise final section.

Recommendations

The recommendations page of a report.

Craft the recommendations section as a set of actionable steps with smart goals associated along with possible solutions. This section is irrelevant for school reports or book reports, but is essential in a business setting.

The appendices section of a report.

This is the section where you list all your sources if it’s a research report. You should also add any links that are relevant to the report — or previous reports about the same topic.

You could even link an interactive version of the report you just created with Visme. Visme allows you to create interactive and animated documents that can be published to the web with a single click, offering a new dimension to your report.

A good rule of thumb when creating your appendices is to only add information that is relevant to the report or that you referenced when writing your report. Use reference annotations inside the report to link to the content in the appendix.

The report content used in this sample report design can be found here .

An infographic sharing six of our report writing tips.

Looking to create a stand-out visual report?

Following a report writing format is only one part of the process. You also need to be conscious of how you put the written content and the visuals together.

Here are some tips from the Visme team to help you make amazing reports.

Click through the image below to use this customizable template to create your report. It follows the standard report writing format so you won’t get confused or miss a section.

A blue, teal and pink research report template available in Visme.

Over to You

Hopefully, this post has helped you to better understand the best way to put together a report. Following a standard report writing format is just what you need to create engaging, memorable reports . Follow the tips above and you’ll never make a boring report again.

Just how following a report writing format will help you create a better report, a Visme subscription will help you create a full suite of visual content.

Design beautiful visual content you can be proud of.

example essay report

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example essay report

About the Author

Orana is a multi-faceted creative. She is a content writer, artist, and designer. She travels the world with her family and is currently in Istanbul. Find out more about her work at oranavelarde.com

Sample Papers

This page contains sample papers formatted in seventh edition APA Style. The sample papers show the format that authors should use to submit a manuscript for publication in a professional journal and that students should use to submit a paper to an instructor for a course assignment. You can download the Word files to use as templates and edit them as needed for the purposes of your own papers.

Most guidelines in the Publication Manual apply to both professional manuscripts and student papers. However, there are specific guidelines for professional papers versus student papers, including professional and student title page formats. All authors should check with the person or entity to whom they are submitting their paper (e.g., publisher or instructor) for guidelines that are different from or in addition to those specified by APA Style.

Sample papers from the Publication Manual

The following two sample papers were published in annotated form in the Publication Manual and are reproduced here as PDFs for your ease of use. The annotations draw attention to content and formatting and provide the relevant sections of the Publication Manual (7th ed.) to consult for more information.

We also offer these sample papers in Microsoft Word (.docx) format with the annotations as comments to the text.

Finally, we offer these sample papers in Microsoft Word (.docx) format without the annotations.

Sample professional paper templates by paper type

These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different professional paper types. Professional papers can contain many different elements depending on the nature of the work. Authors seeking publication should refer to the journal’s instructions for authors or manuscript submission guidelines for specific requirements and/or sections to include.

example essay report

This guidance is new to the 7th edition.

Related handouts

Other instructional aids

Sample student paper templates by paper type

These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses.

APA does not set formal requirements for the nature or contents of an APA Style student paper. Students should follow the guidelines and requirements of their instructor, department, and/or institution when writing papers. For instance, an abstract and keywords are not required for APA Style student papers, although an instructor may request them in student papers that are longer or more complex. Specific questions about a paper being written for a course assignment should be directed to the instructor or institution assigning the paper.

Sample papers in real life

Although published articles differ in format from manuscripts submitted for publication or student papers (e.g., different line spacing, font, margins, and column format), articles published in APA journals provide excellent demonstrations of APA Style in action.

APA journals began publishing papers in seventh edition APA Style in 2020. Professional authors should check the author submission guidelines for the journal to which they want to submit their paper for any journal-specific style requirements.

Credits for sample professional paper templates

Quantitative professional paper template: Adapted from “Fake News, Fast and Slow: Deliberation Reduces Belief in False (but Not True) News Headlines,” by B. Bago, D. G. Rand, and G. Pennycook, 2020, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 149 (8), pp. 1608–1613 ( https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000729 ). Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association.

Qualitative professional paper template: Adapted from “‘My Smartphone Is an Extension of Myself’: A Holistic Qualitative Exploration of the Impact of Using a Smartphone,” by L. J. Harkin and D. Kuss, 2020, Psychology of Popular Media , 10 (1), pp. 28–38 ( https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000278 ). Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association.

Mixed methods professional paper template: Adapted from “‘I Am a Change Agent’: A Mixed Methods Analysis of Students’ Social Justice Value Orientation in an Undergraduate Community Psychology Course,” by D. X. Henderson, A. T. Majors, and M. Wright, 2019, Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology , 7 (1), 68–80. ( https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000171 ). Copyright 2019 by the American Psychological Association.

Literature review professional paper template: Adapted from “Rethinking Emotions in the Context of Infants’ Prosocial Behavior: The Role of Interest and Positive Emotions,” by S. I. Hammond and J. K. Drummond, 2019, Developmental Psychology , 55 (9), pp. 1882–1888 ( https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000685 ). Copyright 2019 by the American Psychological Association.

Review professional paper template: Adapted from “Joining the Conversation: Teaching Students to Think and Communicate Like Scholars,” by E. L. Parks, 2022, Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology , 8 (1), pp. 70–78 ( https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000193 ). Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association.

Credits for sample student paper templates

These papers came from real students who gave their permission to have them edited and posted by APA.

From the APA Style blog

example essay report

Who needs an author note? You … maybe

Professional papers intended for submission to a journal must always include an author note. Student papers do not typically include an author note.

How to Write a Report Essay (Plus Example) – PDF

Today, you’re going to learn how to write a report essay as part of your high school English Language course.

DISCLOSURE. This post may contain affiliate links. I will earn a commission if you follow a link to purchase a product. This comes at no extra cost to you. Thank you for supporting this project.

I will first show you the format or main features of a typical report essay. You can call it a report essay template. Then I will give you some tips to guide you any time you need to write a report essay.

Are you ready to learn how to write a report essay? Then come along with me as I take you through this simplified tutorial about the acceptable way to write a report essay.

Make it as brief as possible.

Also, make sure to state the problem you’re addressing in the introduction.

Say what you believe need to be done to resolve the issues you have outlined in the body of the report. Tell your audience the steps that need to be taken.

Tips to Score High in Report Writing

Use names and pronouns

THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH PRONOUNS

State your points clearly and be specific

Use simple language.

Remember, your audience needs you to help them have a grasp of the issues that truly matter. You can only do this for them if you use simple words and expressions in the report essay. So try hard and stick to simple, everyday words.

Best SHS Literature PDFs & More – Free

Active voice is better, focus on relevant facts..

At the core of every good report writing exercise is a statement of facts that serve the purpose for which the report is being written. Anything else is of no use to you or your audience. Neither is it going to help all others concerned.

Write in brief paragraphs

Report essay sample for high school.

QUESTION: There was a disagreement between your class and one of your teachers. As the class prefect, write a report to the head of your school on the incident.

A disagreement arose between the class of Technical 3B and Mr. Tomson, the English teacher, on 20 th October, 2020. Mr. Tomson has not been teaching the class since. This has adversely affected teaching and learning of English Language. We need your quick intervention so that life will return to normal for the English class of Technical 3 B.

But the class said they would not buy the book because they had no money at that material moment. At first, Mr. Tomson wanted to make the purchase of the book compulsory for each and every student in the class. But he later agreed to the students’ suggestion and sold it to us on credit for a period of two weeks.

The class was taken aback because Mr. Tomson sold the books on credit for two weeks; not for three days.

This was the disagreement between the class and Mr Tomson. He insisted that since Mr. Sowah was there to take his money, he would by all means make us pay.

After that, Mr. Tomson, together with Mr. Sowah, went out of the room.

The next time it was time for English , we called Mr. Tomson for the lesson but he refused to show up. He said unless the class wrote an apology letter or brought someone to plead on their behalf, he would not step into the class for lessons. The class also said they had done nothing wrong to warrant their writing of an apology letter.

Up to this day, whenever Technical 3B class calls Mr. Tomson for English lessons, he refuses to come and teach.

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SHS 3B, TECHNICAL

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Reports and essays: key differences

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Know what to expect

Explore the main differences between reports and essays and how to write for your assignments.

You'll complete assignments with different requirements throughout your degree, so it's important to understand what you need to do for each of them. Here we explore the key differences between reports and essays.

This page describes general features of academic reports and essays. Depending on your subject you may use all of these features, a selection of them, or you may have additional requirements.

There is no single right way to write a report or essay, but they are different assignments. At a glance:

Differences between reports and essays

This table compares reports and essays and provides an outline of the standard structure for each. Your assignment will also depend on your discipline, the purpose of your work, and your audience – so you should check what you need to do in your course and module handbooks, instructions from your lecturer, and your subject conventions.

Table adapted from Cottrell, 2003, p. 209.

The structure of reports

Most reports use an IMRaD structure: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion.

Below are some common sections that also appear in reports. Some sections include alternative headings.

1. Table of contents

Your contents shows the number of each report section, its title, page number and any sub-sections. Sub-section numbers and details start under the section title, not the margin or the number.

2. Abstract or Executive summary

This brief summary of the report is usually the last thing you write.

3. Introduction

Your introduction describes the purpose of the report, explains why it necessary or useful, and sets out its precise aims and objectives.

4. Literature review

This describes current research and thinking about the problem or research question, and is often incorporated into the introduction.

5. Methods or Methodology

This describes and justifies the methods or processes used to collect your data.

6. Results or Findings

This section presents the results (or processed data) from the research and may consist of mainly tables, charts and or diagrams.

7. Discussion, or Analysis, or Interpretation

This section analyses the results and evaluates the research carried out.

8. Conclusion

The conclusion summarises the report and usually revisits the aims and objectives.

9. Recommendations

In this section the writer uses the results and conclusions from the report to make practical suggestions about a problem or issue. This may not be required.

10. Appendices

You can include raw data or materials that your report refers to in the appendix, if you need to. The data is often presented as charts, diagrams and tables. Each item should be numbered : for example, write Table 1 and its title; Table 2 and its title, and so on as needed.

Structure of essays

Your essay introduction contextualises and gives background information about the topic or questions being discussed, and sets out what the essay is going to cover.

Your essay body is divided into paragraphs. These paragraphs help make a continuous, flowing text.

The conclusion summarises the main points made in the essay. Avoid introducing new information in your conclusion.

Bibliography or Reference list

This is a list of the resources you've used in your essay. This is usually presented alphabetically by authors’ surname.

Reference for the Table of Distinctions above:

Cottrell, S. (2003). The Study Skills Handbook (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Download our report and essay differences revision sheet

Download this page as a PDF for your report and essay revision notes.

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Key features of academic reports

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Basic essay structure

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example essay report

Report Essay

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example essay report

Free Report Essay Examples With Topic

Academic assignments may turn out to be a real challenge for college students. They require a high level of expertise, skills, patience, and inspiration. Some young people are struggling with writing an essential piece of content for days and nights, wasting a lot of time and effort. If you have no idea how perfect the report essay outline looks or you are eager to enhance the quality of your writing skills, then you can breathe with relief as you are at the right place already. Our website contains a lot of report essay ideas that you can use for coming up with excellent paper worth the highest grade. Each report essay example in the collection contains all necessary information and fully meets the requirements of the professor. You can use a report sample essay to get the idea of what way to move forward while preparing winning content. All report essay topics are categorized properly so that you can easily find what you need at once. Mind that every example is checked thoroughly, and includes comments, suggestions, and some extra ideas. Using them, you can save a lot of time, effort and avoid stress. Samples are created by specialists with academic degrees who have awesome experience in providing top-quality papers. They include all key elements of a good report: – Title – Summary – Introduction – Body – Conclusion – Recommendations – Appendices Besides the right structure, a top-quality report must follow a wide range of other nuances that not every student knows and can implement properly. With ready-made samples, this is not a problem anymore. They have an appropriate mood, tone, style, and 100% absence of grammar or punctual mistakes. Now you can write a report on your dream quickly and easily. Our website has plenty of examples on different topics that will be a true godsend for every student.

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Positioning Statement and Motto

Human resources activities and relationships, cultural beings, english report essay, please address all of the following proposed questions in a single paragraph. incorporate your knowledge of biological transitions in boys and girls in your response., the role of business information system, social structure, film analysis paper:.

REFLECIVE PAPER 3

Example Of A Community Report Sample

Jose angel gutierrez: making the chicano community.

Thesis statement: Jose Angel Gutierrez has been hardly work in order to make the Chicano/Hispanic community successful as he has become a role model in politics because of his active actions in search of equality in education, creation of organizations, and active position regarding the immigration topic.

Racial Fault Lines Analysis

Chapter one combines the historical and sociological framework to describe the transformation of Mexican California. Through highlighting the historical accounts of racialized groups, fear of potential threats to white workers creates white supremacy. He continues by describing the peopling of Anglo-CA from 1848-1900 with the immigration of Irish, German,

Foreigners In Their Own Land Reflection

In this paper I will discuss my reaction to researching cultures that are different than my own. For this experience, I visited The Arkansas Arts Center where there is currently an exhibit titled "Our America: The Latino Presence in American Art". This exhibit includes a six week film series that focuses on the history of Latino Americans. I attended the first film on Sunday, October 18, 2015. The film was titled "Foreigners in their Own Land, 1565-1880". After the film, there was also a community discussion with Dr. Kristin Dutcher Mann, UALR associate professor of history and social studies.

Mendez V Westminster Case Study

Case Study: In the legal case Mendez v. Westminster (1946) a group of parents filed a class-action lawsuit against the Westminster School District of Orange County. But before discussing this case, it is important to understand the roots of Mexican American school segregation. Segregation of Mexican Americans from the dominant Anglo race has been around for many years. Since the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican Americans have been treated like a second-class race facing racism and segregation. As a result, segregation in the education system affected Mexican American children. An increasing number of Mexican Americans across California led to an increase of Mexican children enrolling in schools. Author David James Gonzales (2017), explores the degrading school facilities Mexican students were assigned to. The city of Westminster had its own segregated schools: Westminster Grammar (Anglo school) and Hoover Elementary (Mexican school). Hoover Elementary

Quixote's Soldiers Summary

In order to write this book, the author clearly uses different manuscripts and papers that helped him to explain and show the situation of this social movement. He also uses and gets information from people that were living those situations, for instance in Chapter one, he mentions a note from Journalist Ruiz Ibañez: “Contrary to the common belief that those groups are composed of “punks” and hoodlums….”1. Related to him, he is an American historian and sociology that obtained his sociology and political science degrees in the University of Texas at Austin and Yale University, as well. Currently, he is a professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of California, Berkeley and he is president of the Center for Latino Policy Research. He wrote not only Quixote’s Soldiers but also, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986. Definitively, the last book mentioned was his best publication which made him win awards from the American Historical

Mexican American Culture In Bless Me Ultima

Culture is an essential part of a community’s identity, because it links individuals to a collective bond. The Americas have always contained a vast variety of cultural communities, especially in the United States. The US is known for being one of the most diverse nations in the world, housing hundreds of different cultures. Mexican-Americans display a strong sense of a cultural background, which falls as a subset of the bigger Latino culture that links all Latinos. Oral history is a major aspect on the Mexican culture, which contributes to the truth of how history in the United States actually happened. Many stories embody the cultural aspects of Mexican-Americans and their struggles with living in a discriminatory society. Stories like With

Essay On Chicano Culture

societies in the world. These sub-cultures include Whites, African Americans, Asians, Irish, Latino, and European among others. Chicano refers to the identity of Mexican-American descendant in the United State. The term is also used to refer to the Mexicans or Latinos in general. Chicanos are descendants of different races such as Central American Indians, Spanish, Africans, Native Americans, and Europeans. Chicano culture came as result of a mixture of different cultures (Shingles and Cartwright 86). Despite the assimilation by the majority whites the Chicanos have preserved their culture. This paper seeks to prove that Chicano culture has deep cultural attributes that would appeal to the larger American culture, leading to strengthening of

Gus Garcia Accomplishments

Shortly after his birth, he and his family migrated to San Antonio, Texas where he attended schools in the area for his preparatory education. Although his upbringing occurred during an existence of consistent mistreatment towards Mexican-Americans, Garcia manage to prevail and graduate as valedictorian of the Thomas Jefferson High School Class of 1932 at the age of sixteen. In addition to that, he was recognized as the “Most Intellectual Student” by his classmates while participating in the National Honor Society, news editor of the school’s newspaper, and secretary of the school’s debate team. Consequently, Garcia’s active involvement in his academics earned him a scholarship to attend the University of Texas at Austin. In 1938, Garcia graduated from the University of Texas Law School, receiving both his pre-law degree and law degree to begin his practice. Utilizing the legal knowledge obtained through his success at the university, Garcia began the initial start of his career by working as an Assistant District Attorney in 1938 as well as an Assistant City Attorney soon after in 1941. At the commencement of World War II, Garcia accepted his draft to enter the U.S. Army and served as a First Lieutenant member of the Judge Advocate General Corps in Japan. Following the war, Latinx activists quickly came to prominence upon their return

Impact Of The League Of United Latin American Citizen

In 1929 The League of United Latin American Citizen or LULAC was founded in Corpus Christi, TX. It is the most respected and oldest surviving civil rights organization for Hispanics in the United States. The League of United Latin American Citizen was established to empower its members to develop opportunities they needed due to the rise of the Texas middle class. During the time LULAC was created Hispanics were being denied human and civil rights, even thought they had made plenty of contributions to Americas society. Its founders were concerned with discrimination against Mexican Americas, with a main concentration on public education. Being Hispanic I wanted to research and learn about this organization or interest group and see how they

Anglos And Mexicans In The Making Of Texas 1836-1986 By David Montejano

The book ‘Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas 1836-1986’ was written by David Montejano. It is a well-written novel that offers a broad interpretation of racial interactions history in the state of Texas. David claims that a racial situation was created right after the annexation of the United States and Anglo subjugation of Mexicans. This was after Texas gained independence (Montejano, 1987). The origin and development of the racial order sprouts from the growth of classes that came as a result of transforming the economy from ranching to urban-industrialization. David expressed an analysis key in and examine the structure and nature of racial status in Texas. He adopted four periods in his examination which are incorporation, reconstruction, segregation, and integration.

Chicano Studies Survey And Analysis: Drink Cultura By Jose Burciaga

This book shows some of the political and cultural struggle that Chicanos have experience within the anglo society. Some of the major cultural issues that many Mexican Americans encounter were racial racism, inequality, and also discrimination as seen on the video Latinos Beyond the Reel. The video illustrates how Media and television have

Summary Of Chapter 11 Of Mind Tap Political Science

The chapter portrays every single working bodies and gatherings in a situation where a wrongdoing has been carried out, and there is consequently a criminal case. It portrays the operation of the criminal court organizations and all their order. Chapter 12 first talks about the historical backdrop of the Texas politics. It further covers the whole connection of the Texas Politics under the same theme. The historical backdrop of Texas, and additionally the connection, involves all subtle element discussing the recorded foundation, the range's geology and its financial aspects. It likewise involves a depiction of Texas demographics and political

Example Of Observation Report

The complaint and affidavit of Denielle DeSive, a sworn police officer with the Wayne County Police Department in Wayne County Nebraska, on this day the 11th of April, 1994, being first duly sworn upon his oath says:

Community Observation Paper

My participation in a community event included cocktails and canvas at the Red Room Crested Butte from 6-8pm. Becky is a professional artist who enjoys teaching techniques of painting on canvas. She hosts approximately five classes during a season and charges roughly $35 per session. The cost per session includes one cocktail of choice, different sized brushes, medium canvas, paint, and an easel. There were roughly twelve adults consisting of three men and nine women. First, we began by sketching with pencil, a simple outline of three sunflowers. Everyone sketched very different sunflowers some were big, small, curvaceous, or flat. Secondly, we all started mixing white and dark purple together to created a light purple for the background.

Benefits Of Neighborhood Renewal

In the face of adversity, they committed themselves to providing the best for their children. Despite growing up relatively poor in Mexico, they never complained because their community always had their back no matter the situation. The unity of their community was all they needed to take the steps in making the difficult journey of traveling to the United States. As a result, the significance of their life story is important to me because it demonstrates how a community can influence the character of a person and how that person chooses their path in

More about Example Of A Community Report Sample

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Report Essay

Essay guide, essay examples.

What is a Report Essay?

A report essay is a type of academic writing that presents a detailed analysis of a particular topic or issue. It is usually structured to include an introduction, background information, methodology, findings, and conclusion. The purpose of a report essay is to provide a clear and concise description of a specific subject, often based on research or data analysis, and to provide recommendations or solutions to any issues or problems that are identified.

Report essays are commonly used in various fields such as business, science, engineering, and social sciences. They can be based on primary or secondary research, and may involve collecting and analyzing data through surveys, experiments, or case studies. The findings and recommendations presented in a report essay are typically aimed at a specific audience, such as a business executive, a government official, or an academic researcher.

Difference Between Report And Essay Writing

How Do You Write a Report Essay?

The purpose of a report essay is to communicate objective and factual information, often with the aim of informing or persuading an audience. Here are some steps to follow when writing a report essay:

Define the purpose and scope of the report: Before beginning the report, it is important to understand the purpose of the report, the intended audience, and the scope of the report. This will help guide the content and organization of the report.

Conduct research: Gather relevant information through research, including primary and secondary sources, such as interviews, surveys, and academic journals.

Organize the information: Organize the information gathered from research and create an outline of the report. This will help ensure that the report is well-structured and easy to follow.

Write the report: Use the outline to write the report, including an introduction, main body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide background information on the subject and state the purpose of the report. The main body should present the findings or information gathered through research, and the conclusion should summarize the key findings and provide recommendations, if applicable.

Revise and edit: After completing the first draft of the report, revise and edit for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors, and ensure that the report is well-organized and presents information in a clear and concise manner.

Format the report: Format the report according to the guidelines provided by the instructor or the organization, including font size, spacing, margins, and headings.

Cite sources: When using information from sources, be sure to properly cite them according to the appropriate citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago.

By following these steps, you can write a well-structured and informative report essay that effectively communicates information and findings on a particular subject.

Report Essay Outline

A report essay is a type of academic writing that presents information about a specific topic, problem, or situation. The following is an outline that can be used to write a report essay:

I. Introduction

II. Methodology

List of sources cited in the report

VII. Appendices (optional)

Additional information or data that supports the report

It is important to note that the outline may vary depending on the requirements and instructions provided by the instructor or institution.

Popular Topics For a Report Essays

Report essays can cover a wide range of topics and subjects. Some popular topics for a report essay include:

Business and finance: Reports on business operations, financial analysis, market research, and project management are common in the field of business.

Science and technology: Reports on scientific research, lab experiments, and technological advancements are important in this field.

Education: Reports on educational research, curriculum development, and academic performance are common in education.

Health and medicine: Reports on medical research, clinical trials, and health policies are essential in the field of medicine.

Environment and sustainability: Reports on environmental issues, sustainability, and climate change are crucial in today's world.

Social issues: Reports on social problems, community development, and government policies are important in creating awareness and advocating for change.

Legal issues: Reports on legal research, court proceedings, and government regulations are significant in the legal profession.

Arts and humanities: Reports on cultural events, literary analysis, and art exhibitions are popular in this field.

Sports: Reports on sporting events, player performance, and team analysis are common in sports journalism.

Overall, a report essay is a structured document that presents information in a clear and concise manner, making it easy for the reader to understand the subject matter.

Lord of the Flies Book Report

The book is about a group of British boys from six to twelve years old who got stuck on an island after a terrible plane crash where only they survived. Ralph who is one of the oldest boys thinks is it’s time to search for …

History of Financial Reporting In the UK

1. Introduction At the beginning of the twentieth century, Sombart (1916) asserts that the appearance of double-entry bookkeeping is indispensable element of the emergence of capitalism to a large extent. This argument arouses a wide-ranging debate during that century. Some scholars who have interesting in …

Global Status Report On Alcohol and Health

Introduction Alcohol consumption is acknowledged worldwide as a major health issue and is often recognised as one of the major causes of avoidable mortality and morbidity in Western society (Wechsler, Dowdall, Davenport, & Castillo, 1995). Almost 4% of all deaths are attributed to alcohol (World …

Report on successful academic piece of writing

Introduction This report is aimed to improve the potential of academic writing and skills for students who are writing report on academic lesson or any other academic subjects. There are many Academic writing styles & Skills. This report offers useful improving tool for writing Academic …

A report on the landscape evolution of the Durham coast

Introduction and Background This report aims to assess the landscape evolution of the Durham coast, and to determine the past, present and future processes acting on the coastline. Natural processes have shaped the region for millions of years, and at present the area is characterized …

Financial report on luton brickworks Plc.

Introduction Luton Brickworks plc is newly formed company which aims to maximise the wealth of its shareholders. The board of directors of the company is currently trying to decide on the most appropriate dividend policy to adopt for the company’s shareholders. However, there is a …

A scoping report on the Beighton Extreme Sport Park proposal

Introduction 1. Spatial Scope The proposed site for the Beighton extreme sport park is located on the A57 which is the road connecting Sheffield city centre to junction 31 on the M1. Some of the local residential areas that surround the site include: Woodhouse, Hackenthorpe …

A report on transport layer security (TLS) and secure shell (SSH)

Introduction Transport Layer Security (TLS) vs. Secure Shell (SSH) – A battle for security. In this modern time, individuals, businesses and organizations worry about security on a regular basis, be it online or offline, over a network computer or just with a personal computer. Security …

Report analysis and design solutions for integration of enterprises information systems

Introduction This report analyses and design solutions for integration of enterprises information systems based on the business case. In addition, it develops the key functions as a part of the enterprise system for the given business case by SAP. This report through the information of …

Report on how to educate Gifted and Talented Children

1. Introduction to Gifted and Talented In order to understand how a teacher is to educate gifted and talented children it is necessary for them to comprehend exactly what is meant by ‘Gifted and Talented’. What is it that makes a gifted and talented child …

Risk Management Report: Saint Charles Bank

Executive Summary: This report focuses upon the financial risk management of Saint Charles Bank. When analyzing the bank’s financial statements it is evident that the bank is in an adequate financial position without many evident financial threats. The bank has not majorly succumbed to operational …

CSS Lean Operations Report

1. Executive Summary This report has been designed to help Crockwood Seat Suppliers (CSS), a manufacturing company based in the Midlands, to achieve its goal of eliminating waste in its production operations through leaning. The company which produces low volume seats using its current manufacturing …

Ethics, CSR and Leadership Report – “Business Must Act Ethically”

1.Introduction Given the impact businesses have on society it is integral that they act ethically in order to ensure that the needs of society are continuously being met. If businesses do not act ethically they risk losing shareholders, stakeholders and customers (The Times, 2013, p. …

Reflective Placement Log Report – International Coffee Organisation (ICO)

Introduction This report reflects on my experiences during my two-month placement at the ICO. It will consider my expectations of the company and my role within it; and whether these expectations were met. Firstly, it will address the company itself by identifying such aspects as …

Property Law & Practice 2013-14 Report on Legal Liability

A. Issues: There are a number of issues that arise in the construction project posed, especially if there are not sufficient measures in place to limit legal liability. These issues are: The state of the current site, because it is known to be in an …

Reflective Report on ‘Cultural Shock’

Executive Summary This reflective report encompasses my transition from Nigeria to the Nottingham Trent International College to the Nottingham Trent University. With a focus on personal goals and learning outcomes, this study has found a substantial indication of successful educational efforts. Utilizing the Gibbs (2008) …

Management Principles: Market Entry Strategies Report

Executive Summary This report has been written to seek to explore the management principles, which may be applied by businesses when they seek to enter new international markets. The report shall be split into three parts, which will focus on different elements of this. Firstly, …

Analytical report on the sustainability of the London 2012 Olympic games

Executive summary This report presents a discussion of the sustainability plan developed for, and implemented during, the 2012 Olympic Games held in London. The sustainability plan was governed by five main themes: climate change; waste; biodiversity; inclusion; and healthy living (London 2012, 2012). The aim …

Employee Relations Pair Report

Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to examine the impact of employee relations in the workplace. An American furniture company – Furniture-Co is planning on opening six new stores across the South West of London, employing 800 people. In order to write this …

Billionaire Peter Thiel Reportedly Backed Hulk Hogan's Gawker Lawsuit

Billionaire investor Peter Thiel is helping wrestler Hulk Hogan bankroll his lawsuit against Gawker Media, according to a report in Forbes.Hogan, whose real name is Terry Bollea, in March won a $140 million jury verdict against Gawker in a privacy lawsuit stemming from a sex …

Report to the Management of Wilson, Tan & Associates

Introduction This report provides an evaluation of the performance of the performance of two U.K companies that operate in the fashion industry with the objective of identifying a suitable takeover target for Wilson & Tan Associates. The report covers the financial performance of the two …

Australian financial reporting AASB

Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements AASB 138 states that “An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance.” The asset must be controlled by the entity as a result of events in the past and something from which the …

Audit reports

Audit reports An audit refers to the examination of the company’s financial statements and activities to find out if they reflect the true financial position of the company. An audit report therefore is the information gotten from an audit; it’s the summary of what …

Annual Report Project Kellogg’s

Summary Kellogg’s company was started in 1906 by Will Keith Kellogg. The company started with only 44 employees in Battle Creek, Michigan. Today the company manufactures in 18 countries and sells their products over 180 countries. Kellogg’s was the first company to introduce cereals. With …

Cinnamon Hotels Annual Report

Executive Summary John Keels Hotels (KOHL), a 92. 69% owned subsidiary of conglomerate John Keels Holdings OK) that reported a net profit of RSI. 14. MN in the third quarter of 2009 (compared too net loss of RSI. 91. MN in SQ). To serve our …

Social Science Essay -Housing Extended Report

Introduction The work of Woodberry Down estate regeneration was initiated by the Hackey Council in the year 201. The exercise involved demolition of 1, 981 homes with an aim of building new 1,561 both private, ownership, and social rental homes. Some of the projects that …

A report on the best practice of organisational change

According to Carnall (1992) “We live in a period of accelerating change”. Fundamental changes in society restructure our lives. Advances in new technology means that the impossible becomes commonplace (computer generated animation, robotics, space exploration). It is true to say that change has always been …

Tesco Annual Report

Introduction This report will conclude the performance of Tesco Plc. over the previous 5-months. The performance will be based on the share-price performance, company reports as well as a comparison between J Sainsbury Plc, Morrison Plc, and U.S rival Wal-mart. Price Competition Given the current …

Feasibility Report for a Fast Food Restaurant

FEASIBILITY REPORT FOR A FAST FOOD RESTAURANT PREAMBLE:We have taken out time to write this report for several reasons among which are: [pic] This project serves as part of the “private-sector participation initiative” drive embarked by our company [pic] Our desire to make you reconsider …

The Reporting of Human Resource Accounting

Chapter One Introduction Background of the Study Indeed, accountancy profession is a profession that encompasses other profession and that is why accounting has usually been thought of as highly technical field that can only be understood by the professionals (chartered accountants). Also, it has often …

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Report Writing

Report Writing

The term “report” refers to a nonfiction work that presents and/or paraphrases the facts on a specific occasion, subject, or problem. The notion is that a good report will contain all the information that someone who is not familiar with the subject needs to know. Reports make it simple to bring someone up to speed on a subject, but actually writing a report is far from simple. This blog will walk you through the fundamentals of report writing, including the structure and practice themes.

This Blog Includes:

What is a report, reporting formats, newspaper or magazine reports, business reports, technical reports, what is report writing, report writing: things to keep in mind, structure of report writing, magazine vs newspaper report writing format, report writing format for class 10th to 12th, report writing example, report writing for school students: practice questions, report writing slideshare.

Report Writing in 7 steps

Also Read: Message Writing

A report is a short document written for a particular purpose or audience. It usually sets out and analyses a problem often recommended for future purposes. Requirements for the precise form of the report depend on the department and organization. Technically, a report is defined as “any account, verbal or written, of the matters pertaining to a given topic.” This could be used to describe anything, from a witness’s evidence in court to a student’s book report.

Actually, when people use the word “report,” they usually mean official documents that lay out the details of a subject. These documents are typically written by an authority on the subject or someone who has been tasked with conducting research on it. Although there are other forms of reports, which are discussed in the following section, they primarily fulfil this definition.

What information does reporting contain? All facts are appreciated, but reports, in particular, frequently contain the following kinds of information:

Although there are some fundamental differences, producing reports and essays share many similarities. Both rely on facts, but essays also include the authors’ personal viewpoints and justifications. Reports normally stick to the facts only, however they could include some of the author’s interpretation in the conclusion.

Reports are also quite well ordered, frequently with tables of contents of headers and subheadings. This makes it simpler for readers to quickly scan reports for the data they need. Essays, on the other hand, should be read from beginning to end rather than being perused for particular information.

Depending on the objective and audience for your report, there are a few distinct types of reports. The most typical report types are listed briefly below:

Depending on how they are written, reports can be further categorised. A report, for instance, could be professional or casual, brief or lengthy, and internal or external. A lateral report is for persons on the author’s level but in separate departments, whereas a vertical report is for those on the author’s level but with different levels of the hierarchy (i.e., people who work above you and below you).

Report formats can be as varied as writing styles, but in this manual, we’ll concentrate on academic reports, which are often formal and informational.

Major Types of Reports

While the most common type of reports corresponds to the ones we read in newspapers and magazines, there are other kinds of reports that are curated for business or research purposes. Here are the major forms of report writing which you must know about:

The main purpose of newspaper or magazine reports is to cover a particular event or happening. They generally elaborate upon the 4Ws and 1H, i.e. What, Where, When, Why, and How. The key elements of newspaper or magazine report writing are as follows:

Here is an example of a news report:

Credit: Pinterest

Business reports aim to analyze a situation or case study by implementing business theories and suggest improvements accordingly. In business report writing, you must adhere to a formal style of writing and these reports are usually lengthier than news reports since they aim to assess a particular issue in detail and provide solutions. The basic structure of business reports include:

The main purpose of the technical report is to provide an empirical explanation of research-based material. Technical report writing is generally carried out by a researcher for scientific journals or product development and presentation, etc. A technical report mainly contains

Must Read: IELTS Writing Tips

A report is a written record of what you’ve seen, heard, done, or looked into. It is a well-organized and methodical presentation of facts and results from an event that has already occurred. Reports are a sort of written assessment that is used to determine what you have learned through your reading, study, or experience, as well as to provide you hands-on experience with a crucial skill that is often used in the business.

Before writing a report, there are certain things you must know to ensure that you draft a precise and structured report, and these points to remember are listed below:

Must Read: IELTS Sample Letters

The format of a report is determined by the kind of report it is and the assignment’s requirements. While reports can have their own particular format, the majority use the following general framework:

Report Writing Formats

It is quintessential to follow a proper format in report writing to provide it with a compact structure. Business reports and technical reports don’t have a uniform structure and are generally based on the topic or content they are elaborating on. Let’s have a look at the proper format of report writing generally for news and magazines and the key elements you must add in a news report:

To Read: How to Learn Spoken English?

The report writing structure for students in grades 10 and 12 is as follows.

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Credit: SlideShare

Now that you are familiar with all the formats of report writing, here are some questions that you can practice to understand the structure and style of writing a report.

Also Read: Formal Letter Format, Types & Samples

Credits: Slideshare

Report Writ ing in 7 steps

Make sure that every piece of information you have supplied is pertinent. Remember to double-check your grammar, spelling, tenses, and the person you are writing in. A final inspection against any structural criteria is also important. You have appropriately and completely referenced for an academic work. Check to make sure you haven’t unintentionally, purposefully, or both duplicated something without giving credit.

Any business professional’s toolkit must include business reports. Therefore, how can you create a thorough business report? You must first confirm that you are familiar with the responses to the following three questions.

Every company report starts with an issue that needs to be fixed. This could be something straightforward, like figuring out a better way to organise procuring office supplies, or it could be a more challenging issue, like putting in place a brand-new, multimillion-dollar computer system.

You must therefore compile the data you intend to include in your report. How do you do this? If you’ve never conducted in-depth research before, it can be quite a daunting task, so discovering the most efficient techniques is a real plus.

Hopefully, this blog has helped you with a comprehensive understanding of report writing and its essential components. Aiming to pursue a degree in Writing? Sign up for an e-meeting with our experts at Leverage Edu and we will help you in selecting the best course and university as well as sorting the admission process to ensure that you get successfully shortlisted.

Ankita Mishra

A writer with more than 10 years of experience, including 5 years in a newsroom, Ankita takes great pleasure in helping students via study abroad news updates about universities and visa policies. When not busy working you can find her creating memes and discussing social issues with her colleagues.

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Essay Service Examples Entertainment Inception

Christopher Nolan's ‘Inception’: Film Report

‘Inception’ is considered the most unique motion picture of its time. Released in 2010 when executive Christopher Nolan was falling off the statures of ‘The Dark Knight’, ‘Inception’ demonstrated there was as a reasonable place, unique studio tentpole. The science fiction film acquired $828.3 million at the overall film industry and was even a player on the honors circuit. Among its awards were Oscar assignments for Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay.

Movie Review

The film ‘Inception’ was appreciated by a large acclamation as this film had gotten exceptional acclaim as a creative and shrewd story and numerous commentators gave it positive feedbacks. As an example, Rotten Tomatoes gave a median score of 8/10, supported over 2 hundred and fifty reviews, and reported that up to eighty-seven of critics gave this movie a positive rating. On August 2, 2010, Nathalia Aryani said: “‘Inception’ lives up to its heightened expectations and more. Just like ‘The Dark Knight’, Nolan takes it to the next level and surpasses it. And I’ve given this role in hands of Leonardo DiCaprio. He has played a pivotal role in ‘Catch Me If You Can’, ‘The Aviator’, ‘The Departed’, ‘Shutter Island’, and now he can add ‘Inception’ to his impressive body of work”.

Altman’s contentions are all around assisted by the film ‘Inception’. Diverse experts and groups observers portray this motion picture in an unexpected way. As mentioned before, this present motion picture’s class has been portrayed as dream (as per Rotten Tomatoes), experience and activity show, science fiction, tension and riddle. An easygoing gathering of people would reject this kind of motion picture as an activity or dramatization given the kind of brutality and gunfights it depicts. In the event that an individual did not focus on the general storyline and did not witness the exchanges between genuine world in the motion picture, the fantasies and dreams, it would be evident that the individual would effortlessly value the activity scenes and hence mark the motion picture activity. If some viewers of this show paid attention to the current show visual effects and also the music utilized in the film, then it would be simple for such an individual. The special visualizations are all around set and coordinated with the music well to draw out an exciting impact of a tension motion picture. A cautious onlooker or an individual truly inspired by the motion picture or having a same interest in this movie would take note of the logical insights concerning the human personality, dreams and the fiction part on how the thoughts are being stolen through the fantasy. Those who do not understand or appreciate science would label this movie fantasy, coming into concurrence with Altman’s contention that classification just relies upon utilizations, clients or gatherings of clients (Altman, 1984).

This heist film is about a character named Cobb, who isn’t your usual cat-burglar stealing cash or assets, but a man who is skillfully trained to beautifully steal thoughts out of your present mind which is named as ‘extraction’. Accompanying him in his extraordinarily weird venture are his faithful team mates Arthur, Eames, Ariadne, Yusuf and Tadashi. Things turn hunky-dory to upside down when these cunningly inventive thieves endeavor to hack into the brains of a man named Saito, an incredibly wealthy business mogul. As Saito is insusceptible to mind-hacks, he gets conscious of the nearness of an outer action on his subliminal and tracks down Cobb and his group members. Presently, these mind programmers are compelled to work for Saito except if they need to willfully get murdered by his partners in crime. Yet, Saito isn’t especially keen on ‘taking a thought’ rather he needs to plant one inside the psyche of his main enemy, Robert Fischer. An idea that will lead Fischer to break down his dad’s domain hindering them from turning into a superpower. This movie is also a mixture of non-cheesy yet a love story where Cobb is constantly dreaming and trying to get back to his family.

example essay report

End Without End

Toward the finish of his mission, Dom Cobb (Leonardo DiCaprio) at long last returns home to his children in the wake of spending quite a while in the fantasy world. Cobb carries a little top with him. On the off chance that the top continues to spin, that implies he is in a fantasy If it stops and falls over, that it implies that he is back in all actuality. The final shot shows the top spinning, but it never reveals whether it falls over which still stays mystery. Many fans asked Nolan about the ending and he replied: “Well, it’s all up to the audience but this is what it means to me, and I gave them in great detail what exactly the ambiguities of the film meant to me”.

Message of This Movie

It’s true that human imagination has no bounds neither we have control over our thoughts and imagination. The innovative plotting, plot twist scenes, adventures, actions and blowing up makes it unique from others plus to really understand its message you have to watch this movie twice to have a clear image of this movie. The message is that the reality is inevitable plus most of the time we don’t even know if we are in reality or not. Even when you are dreaming you are not sure if its reality until you wake up.

Best Scenes

The scenes that make this worthy to watch was when the gravity switched in a hotel room and actor Joseph Gordan was floating, crawling and running on the walls. To shoot this scene five hundred crew members were involved in this particular scene, which took about three full weeks to complete this scene, plus there was a rotating set and wires which were used to attach actors (later they were erased by visual effects). The second best scene was when Arthur was trying to wake Cobb when there was a fight in hall way and he had to dunk him in the bathtub because he was stuck in a deep sleep and they were about to die. Mal’s death was also a tragic bitter and emotional scene in this movie which was Cobb’s worst memory, and he was constantly trying to let go where she jumps from her apartment later: “I miss you more than I can bear, we had our time together, now I have to let you go” was the saddest line coming out from that girl’s mouth.

The whole film from the opening and till the ending was impressive. According to director Nolan, nothing in this movie is strange not even a single scene. The visual effects, filmmaking, storytelling and cinematography make this film nothing but outstanding. It’s all about its creativity and optical illusion, and the audience that how they see this film.

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Imagine a heist, but not from a bank or even a super-secret underground vault in a lair in the middle of Siberia. The heist has absolutely nothing to do with gold, diamonds, money, oil or anything finite really. Doesn’t sound a heist, does it? The movie ‘Inception’ directed by Christopher Nolan, follows the adventure of dream ‘extractors’, and how they perform corporate espionage by stealing ideas from one’s subconscious by infiltrating their dream. While the extractors are experienced in stealing...

In the film ‘Inception’, Dom Cobb is an extractor who has the ability to enter into people’s dreams and get information from them. He is given a job to implant an idea inside the mind of Robert Fischer and so he gathers a team to help him design an elaborate plan to complete the task. Along the way, the team ventures deep into the dream world and face the risk of falling into limbo, a dream realm where the line...

“You mustn’t be afraid to dream a little bigger darling” – Eames (Tom Hardy), ‘Inception’. And the director Christopher Nolan clearly wasn’t afraid to dream bigger. In 2010, after success in movies such as ‘The Prestige’ and ‘The Dark Knight’, Nolan released ‘Inception’. This isn’t just one of the best movies of all time but pathed the way for other science fiction classics by Nolan such as Interstellar. Nolan is the number one ranked director of all time both by...

‘Inception’ (2010) is praised for its originality, determination and success, and is one of Christopher Nolan’s best-known films, winning 4 Oscars. Although the concept of ‘Inception’ is extremely compelling, with astonishing performances from DiCaprio and Watanabe, the portrayal of women in this production is disappointing, and poor, objectifying its female characters and portraying prototypical female mania. In this essay I will be examining gender portrayal and the unfortunate sexism in Christopher Nolan’s 2010 award-winning ‘Inception’. To state the obvious, ‘Inception’...

The Hunger Games

The Hunger Games, an insightful novel by Suzanne Collins, is based on morals and justice. This novel is about Katniss Everdeen, a 16 year old girl and tribute for The Hunger Games, who is obligated to fight to the death with twenty-three others. She and her male counterpart, Peeta, are pitted against bigger and stronger representatives who have trained for this competition their whole lives, however, this advantage does not intimidate them. Trust, determination, and love and friendship, are prevailing...

For my critique, I will be looking at The Hunger Games (2012) through a Feminist Lens followed by a Marxist Lens. The Hunger Games is an intense action movie that was directed by Gary Ross and was written by Suzanne Collins and Billy Ray. The movie’s plot starts off where the nation of Panem is divided into 12 different districts that are ruled over by the Capitol. Every year, two young male and female representatives must compete in a televised...

This essay discusses director, Baz Luhrmann’s director style. In addition, this essay will apply Baz Luhrmann’s unique director style to the 2012 dystopian film, The Hunger Games (which is based off of Suzanne Collins’s novel of the same name), in order to for the film to agree with the criteria of Luhrmann’s Red Curtain Style. Firstly, the cinematographic and directing style seen in The Hunger Games, as it is, is significantly different from that of Baz Luhrmann. Foremost, Luhrmann would...

To know whether Panem is a command or market economy, we must first understand both. A market economy is a type of economic system where prices and production are determined by unrestricted competition by privately owned businesses, like the United States. Another way to look at it is that in a market economy, the activity is unplanned, it is not organized or controlled by a central authority but rather by the supply and demand of goods and services. On the...

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Example of a Great Essay | Explanations, Tips & Tricks

Published on February 9, 2015 by Shane Bryson . Revised on December 6, 2021 by Shona McCombes.

This example guides you through the structure of an essay. It shows how to build an effective introduction , focused paragraphs , clear transitions between ideas, and a strong conclusion .

Each paragraph addresses a single central point, introduced by a topic sentence , and each point is directly related to the thesis statement .

As you read, hover over the highlighted parts to learn what they do and why they work.

An Appeal to the Senses: The Development of the Braille System in Nineteenth-Century France

The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.

Lack of access to reading and writing put blind people at a serious disadvantage in nineteenth-century society. Text was one of the primary methods through which people engaged with culture, communicated with others, and accessed information; without a well-developed reading system that did not rely on sight, blind people were excluded from social participation (Weygand, 2009). While disabled people in general suffered from discrimination, blindness was widely viewed as the worst disability, and it was commonly believed that blind people were incapable of pursuing a profession or improving themselves through culture (Weygand, 2009). This demonstrates the importance of reading and writing to social status at the time: without access to text, it was considered impossible to fully participate in society. Blind people were excluded from the sighted world, but also entirely dependent on sighted people for information and education.

In France, debates about how to deal with disability led to the adoption of different strategies over time. While people with temporary difficulties were able to access public welfare, the most common response to people with long-term disabilities, such as hearing or vision loss, was to group them together in institutions (Tombs, 1996). At first, a joint institute for the blind and deaf was created, and although the partnership was motivated more by financial considerations than by the well-being of the residents, the institute aimed to help people develop skills valuable to society (Weygand, 2009). Eventually blind institutions were separated from deaf institutions, and the focus shifted towards education of the blind, as was the case for the Royal Institute for Blind Youth, which Louis Braille attended (Jimenez et al, 2009). The growing acknowledgement of the uniqueness of different disabilities led to more targeted education strategies, fostering an environment in which the benefits of a specifically blind education could be more widely recognized.

Several different systems of tactile reading can be seen as forerunners to the method Louis Braille developed, but these systems were all developed based on the sighted system. The Royal Institute for Blind Youth in Paris taught the students to read embossed roman letters, a method created by the school’s founder, Valentin Hauy (Jimenez et al., 2009). Reading this way proved to be a rather arduous task, as the letters were difficult to distinguish by touch. The embossed letter method was based on the reading system of sighted people, with minimal adaptation for those with vision loss. As a result, this method did not gain significant success among blind students.

Louis Braille was bound to be influenced by his school’s founder, but the most influential pre-Braille tactile reading system was Charles Barbier’s night writing. A soldier in Napoleon’s army, Barbier developed a system in 1819 that used 12 dots with a five line musical staff (Kersten, 1997). His intention was to develop a system that would allow the military to communicate at night without the need for light (Herron, 2009). The code developed by Barbier was phonetic (Jimenez et al., 2009); in other words, the code was designed for sighted people and was based on the sounds of words, not on an actual alphabet. Barbier discovered that variants of raised dots within a square were the easiest method of reading by touch (Jimenez et al., 2009). This system proved effective for the transmission of short messages between military personnel, but the symbols were too large for the fingertip, greatly reducing the speed at which a message could be read (Herron, 2009). For this reason, it was unsuitable for daily use and was not widely adopted in the blind community.

Nevertheless, Barbier’s military dot system was more efficient than Hauy’s embossed letters, and it provided the framework within which Louis Braille developed his method. Barbier’s system, with its dashes and dots, could form over 4000 combinations (Jimenez et al., 2009). Compared to the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, this was an absurdly high number. Braille kept the raised dot form, but developed a more manageable system that would reflect the sighted alphabet. He replaced Barbier’s dashes and dots with just six dots in a rectangular configuration (Jimenez et al., 2009). The result was that the blind population in France had a tactile reading system using dots (like Barbier’s) that was based on the structure of the sighted alphabet (like Hauy’s); crucially, this system was the first developed specifically for the purposes of the blind.

While the Braille system gained immediate popularity with the blind students at the Institute in Paris, it had to gain acceptance among the sighted before its adoption throughout France. This support was necessary because sighted teachers and leaders had ultimate control over the propagation of Braille resources. Many of the teachers at the Royal Institute for Blind Youth resisted learning Braille’s system because they found the tactile method of reading difficult to learn (Bullock & Galst, 2009). This resistance was symptomatic of the prevalent attitude that the blind population had to adapt to the sighted world rather than develop their own tools and methods. Over time, however, with the increasing impetus to make social contribution possible for all, teachers began to appreciate the usefulness of Braille’s system (Bullock & Galst, 2009), realizing that access to reading could help improve the productivity and integration of people with vision loss. It took approximately 30 years, but the French government eventually approved the Braille system, and it was established throughout the country (Bullock & Galst, 2009).

Although Blind people remained marginalized throughout the nineteenth century, the Braille system granted them growing opportunities for social participation. Most obviously, Braille allowed people with vision loss to read the same alphabet used by sighted people (Bullock & Galst, 2009), allowing them to participate in certain cultural experiences previously unavailable to them. Written works, such as books and poetry, had previously been inaccessible to the blind population without the aid of a reader, limiting their autonomy. As books began to be distributed in Braille, this barrier was reduced, enabling people with vision loss to access information autonomously. The closing of the gap between the abilities of blind and the sighted contributed to a gradual shift in blind people’s status, lessening the cultural perception of the blind as essentially different and facilitating greater social integration.

The Braille system also had important cultural effects beyond the sphere of written culture. Its invention later led to the development of a music notation system for the blind, although Louis Braille did not develop this system himself (Jimenez, et al., 2009). This development helped remove a cultural obstacle that had been introduced by the popularization of written musical notation in the early 1500s. While music had previously been an arena in which the blind could participate on equal footing, the transition from memory-based performance to notation-based performance meant that blind musicians were no longer able to compete with sighted musicians (Kersten, 1997). As a result, a tactile musical notation system became necessary for professional equality between blind and sighted musicians (Kersten, 1997).

Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.

Bullock, J. D., & Galst, J. M. (2009). The Story of Louis Braille. Archives of Ophthalmology , 127(11), 1532. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.286.

Herron, M. (2009, May 6). Blind visionary. Retrieved from https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2009/05/blind-visionary/.

Jiménez, J., Olea, J., Torres, J., Alonso, I., Harder, D., & Fischer, K. (2009). Biography of Louis Braille and Invention of the Braille Alphabet. Survey of Ophthalmology , 54(1), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.10.006.

Kersten, F.G. (1997). The history and development of Braille music methodology. The Bulletin of Historical Research in Music Education , 18(2). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40214926.

Mellor, C.M. (2006). Louis Braille: A touch of genius . Boston: National Braille Press.

Tombs, R. (1996). France: 1814-1914 . London: Pearson Education Ltd.

Weygand, Z. (2009). The blind in French society from the Middle Ages to the century of Louis Braille . Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Frequently asked questions about writing an essay

An essay is a focused piece of writing that explains, argues, describes, or narrates.

In high school, you may have to write many different types of essays to develop your writing skills.

Academic essays at college level are usually argumentative : you develop a clear thesis about your topic and make a case for your position using evidence, analysis and interpretation.

The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:

The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main point of a paragraph . Everything else in the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

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Bryson, S. (2021, December 06). Example of a Great Essay | Explanations, Tips & Tricks. Scribbr. Retrieved March 2, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/example-essay-structure/

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Progress Report on Disposing of Old Computers

Table of Contents

The purpose of this report is to highlight the progress made regarding the research on the issue of disposing of old computers. The research is geared around the assessment of how old computers are to be disposed of without harming the environment whether directly or indirectly. The report provides information on how Writing Lab under the proposed approaches towards disposing of its old and worn out computers is carrying on with the process.

Following a directive by Cassie Cross to research how old and worn out computers at Writing Lab are being disposed and whether there are sustainable ways of carrying out the process, a plan for the project was laid out in a bid to realize appropriate results. The plan included the drafting of a proposal report for the research, a progress report and a recommendation report. It is of note that at this moment, the first part of the proposal report was finished and the results were approved by the client. The research is currently on schedule with a recommendation report soon to follow as indicated in the proposal report.

plagiarism free

Introduction

The client Cassie Cross had asked to investigate disposal techniques of old and worn out computers at the Writing lab and whether better sustainable methods of doing the same could be achieved in a bid to save the environment.

Writing Lab exposes many users to technology as many use the computers in the lab for research and other internet related surfing. According to Mohite (2013), the technological application of these gadgets is increasing by the day but so is their risk regarding the dumping of old computers. If dumping is not handled carefully, worn out or old computers may end up polluting the environment which in return could affect unsuspecting users. When dumped in open air, these computers end up releasing chemical substances like lead and mercury into the soil (Kantra, 2016). Furthermore, when dumped in open air, some of these old and worn out computers end up in waste lands where they end up exposing people to radioactive radiations along with many other harmful elements (Saphores and milovantseva, 2013). As a result, it is safe that institutions and any other entries that look to dispose of such computers to look out for better ways to do so that would not end up harming the environment (Martin, 2014).

The research hence is set to investigate ways in which old computers are being disposed at Writing Lab and find out whether there are better environmental friendly methods to do so. So far, the research into this subject has been a success and so only waiting on recommendations that could solve any shortcomings found.

Results of the tasks

The results of the tasks completed, 1 and 2 can be found below as well as a discussion of any additional tasks that are necessary for the completion of the project.

Task 1. To assess how old computers are being disposed of.

Writing lab just like any other such entry is faced with the responsibility to dispose old and worn out computers and replace them with new ones. Disposing of old computers as seen earlier is quite a challenge especially if not handled in the right manner. Writing Lab, for instance, does donate some of its old computers to neighboring schools. The computers donated are usually sound and working although not well up to the standards of the Writing Lab. As a result, it is usually thought of as a kind gesture to donate them instead of stashing them. It was also realized that the lab had had several computers that were out of service and since they could not work, these machines were heaped in what the lab calls a ‘fossil corner.’ This corner is just behind the lab, and it was evident from the research that there was quite a heap of computer junk that was disposed of there.

Task 2. To investigate whether the methods used were eco-friendly

From the research, the writing lab has been seen to employ two ways of disposing of old and worn-out computers.; donating them and heaping the non-functional ones in a ‘fossil corner.’ Both methods are two ways of being environmentally friendly since donating old computers to a place where they could still be used can be seen to be a safe way of disposing of the machines. This method is environmentally friendly as it subjects the machines to further use instead of just letting them idle and risking the environment as a result. The other method where the worn out computers are disposed just behind the writing lab is however not eco-friendly. Since they are exposed to the earth, it is possible that toxic agents from the machines are sipped into the ground and swept away by rain water hence endangering both the environment and its occupants.

Work schedule

Tasks 1 and 2 have successfully been completed, and the progress report is being drafted in readiness for presentation. As such, the research can be said to be on schedule and that all tasks are expected to be finalized by August 23 which is the deadline. An understanding of the various ways computers are disposed at Writing Lab was realized and all results documented. After approval of the progress report, the project is expected to move into its final stage where a feasible recommendation report shall be prepared.

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South African Myths and Legends

Date published: 28 Feb 2023

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Academic level: College

Paper type: Book Report

The English dictionary defines myth as an invented story, concept or idea which is used purposely to teach people or give them a direction in life. Myths were told to help people coexist peacefully with one another in the society. Myths were exposed to a specific audience and had a particular message which was intended to change the audience perception about certain issues within their ecosystem. South Africa is one country which had several myths about their people, the land and their unity. Example of some of the most known myths from southern Africa are the myth of the empty land, the myth of the Rainbow nation, the myth of the New South Africa and many others. This paper focuses on the myth of the Rainbow Nation. With regards to this myth, the paper aims at demonstrating that myths were used for the individual purpose and were tuned towards certain people to make them change their behaviors. Therefore, the paper will look at the historical context of the rainbow people, its audience, purpose and the message it had to its audience.

Context of the myth of the Rainbow nation

Racism in South Africa is not a new issue, with colonialism inhabitation of South African land; racism has been a challenge in this country. Racial segregation was the order of the day in South Africa after the national party in the years 1948 gained power. The white enforced law and policies which enhanced racial injustice and segregation in the land. This was a legislative system called the apartheid. Under this legislation, the black South Africans were forced by the white to live separately from the white people; they were to use different facilities and their contacts with the white were very limited. Despite strong opposing forces to this racial segregation both internally and outside the country, this rule lasted for some time in the country. 1 The struggle for the freedom of this country led to the nation where racial injustice and segregation reduced. To better describe the journey of the South Africa after on the post-apartheid South Africa, Archbishop Desmond Tutu used came up with a myth and it was termed as the myth of the rainbow people. This myth was all about the life which was portrayed by the citizens of post-apartheid. The myth was about the democracy level of South Africa, and confidently, the archbishop claimed that the post-apartheid life was made by a life where all people despite their color accept each other in the country. To make the message clearer and to make the myth more strong, Nelson Mandela in his inauguration speech in the year 1994 further popularize this myth in the entire nation and continent. He claimed that "Each of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the mimosa trees of the bushveld a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world.."

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The myth was addressed to a specific audience in South Africa. Racial segregation was possible due to a group of people within the nation which were separated by the color and origin. These were the white and the blacks who lived in the vast land of South Africa. This myth addresses the citizens of South Africa despite their color. The apartheid period affected the country, and many people were shy from involving in business and tourism in the country. To convince people from other African countries and other nations in the world, this myth addresses all the citizens in these countries who wished to be in South Africa.

The myth was based on the fact that during apartheid period, South Africa was messed up by racial segregation. The people who were there during a time when the racial discrimination dominated South Africa witnessed the injustices which happened during this time. The central message was that people should live together, in unity despite their color. Unity is the main message for the entire audience of South Africa. After the life of darkness clouded by the racial segregation, people of South Africa are now assumed under this myth to be living together, and ethnic discrimination is a story of the past.

There are many reasons why this myth came to be. The first purpose is to enhance unity. The country spends almost 50 years during the period of apartheid. This was a time when the black citizens in South Africa were mistreated and segregated based on their colors. In black South, Africa residents were forced to live in their areas and used different facilities from the one which was utilized by the whites. The communication and interaction were also limited. This shuttered the peace which was supposed to prevail in the country. The post-Apartheid period saw some restoration for this peace, and this was what was being enhanced by this myth. Reduction of the racial segregation and enhancement of coexistence between the white and black South Africans was another purpose for the establishment of this myth. 2

Myths are made to be for certain purpose, and they have a specific massage which is tuned to a specific audience within the country or geographical location. This paper has used the myth of Rainbow Nation based in South Africa to demonstrate how myths have purpose, specific massage and are addressed to particular people.

Cunningham, J. "Rainbow Nation: Myth or Reality?." Retrieved on 29 (2010).

Day, Business. "Letter: Rainbow Nation myth. 3 Maart." (2016).

Roman, Nicolette V. "Parenting in a rainbow nation: A South African perspective on parenting." In Parenting Across Cultures , pp. 213-229. Springer Netherlands, 2014.

1 Cunningham, J. "Rainbow Nation: Myth or Reality?." Retrieved on 29 (2010).

2 Nicolette V Roman, "Parenting in a rainbow nation: A South African perspective on parenting." In Parenting Across Cultures , pp. 213-229. Springer Netherlands, 2014.

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How To Write A Research Paper

Research Paper Example

Research Paper Example - Examples for Different Formats

Published on: Jun 12, 2021

Last updated on: Jan 3, 2023

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Writing a research paper is the most challenging task in a student’s academic life. Students face similar writing process hardships, whether the research paper is to be written for high school or college.

A research paper is a writing type in which a detailed analysis, interpretation, and evaluation are made on the topic. It only requires not only time but also effort and skills to be drafted correctly.

If you are working on your research paper for the first time, here is a collection of examples that you will need to understand the paper’s format and how its different parts are drafted. Continue reading the article to get free research paper examples.

Research Paper Example for Different Formats

When writing a research paper, it is essential to know which format to use to structure your content. Depending on the requirements of the institution, there are mainly four format styles in which a writer drafts a research paper:

Let’s look into each format in detail to understand the fundamental differences and similarities.

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Research Paper Example APA

If your instructor asks you to provide a research paper in an APA format, go through the example given below and understand the basic structure. Make sure to follow the format throughout the paper.

APA Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Example MLA

Another widespread research paper format is MLA. A few institutes require this format style as well for your research paper. Look at the example provided of this format style to learn the basics.

MLA Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Example Chicago

Unlike MLA and APA styles, Chicago is not very common. Very few institutions require this formatting style research paper, but it is essential to learn it. Look at the example given below to understand the formatting of the content and citations in the research paper.

Chicago Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Example Harvard

Learn how a research paper through Harvard formatting style is written through this example. Carefully examine how the cover page and other pages are structured.

Harvard Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Examples for Different Research Paper Parts

A research paper is based on different parts. Each part plays a significant role in the overall success of the paper. So each chapter of the paper must be drafted correctly according to a format and structure.

Below are examples of how different sections of the research paper are drafted.

Research Proposal Example

A research proposal is a plan that describes what you will investigate, its significance, and how you will conduct the study.

Research Proposal Sample (PDF)

Abstract Research Paper Example

An abstract is an executive summary of the research paper that includes the purpose of the research, the design of the study, and significant research findings.

It is a small section that is based on a few paragraphs. Following is an example of the abstract to help you draft yours professionally.

Abstract Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Literature Review Research Paper Example

A literature review in a research paper is a comprehensive summary of the previous research on your topic. It studies sources like books, articles, journals, and papers on the relevant research problem to form the basis of the new research.

Writing this section of the research paper perfectly is as important as any part of it.

Literature Review in Research Sample (PDF)

Methods Section of Research Paper Example

The method section comes after the introduction of the research paper that presents the process of collecting data. Basically, in this section, a researcher presents the details of how your research was conducted.

Methods Section in Research Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Conclusion Example

The conclusion is the last part of your research paper that sums up the writer’s discussion for the audience and leaves an impression. This is how it should be drafted:

Research Paper Conclusion Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Examples for Different Fields

The research papers are not limited to a particular field. They can be written for any discipline or subject that needs a detailed study.

In the following section, various research paper examples are given to show how they are drafted for different subjects.

Science Research Paper Example

Are you a science student that has to conduct research? Here is an example for you to draft a compelling research paper for the field of science.

Science Research Paper Sample (PDF)

History Research Paper Example

Conducting research and drafting a paper is not only bound to science subjects. Other subjects like history and arts require a research paper to be written as well. Observe how research papers related to history are drafted.

History Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Psychology Research Paper Example

If you are a psychology student, look into the example provided in the research paper to help you draft yours professionally.

Psychology Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Example for Different Levels

Writing a research paper is based on a list of elements. If the writer is not aware of the basic elements, the process of writing the paper will become daunting. Start writing your research paper taking the following steps:

Once you have a plan in your hand, the actual writing procedure will become a piece of cake for you.

No matter which level you are writing a research paper for, it has to be well structured and written to guarantee you better grades.

If you are a college or a high school student, the examples in the following section will be of great help.

Research Paper Outline (PDF)

Research Paper Example for College

Pay attention to the research paper example provided below. If you are a college student, this sample will help you understand how a winning paper is written.

College Research Paper Sample (PDF)

Research Paper Example for High School

Expert writers of CollegeEssay.org have provided an excellent example of a research paper for high school students. If you are struggling to draft an exceptional paper, go through the example provided.

High School Research Paper Sample (PDF)

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research paper examples

Academic Paper Examples

📜 what is an academic paper, 📝 types of academic papers, 👣 how to write an academic paper: 9 easy steps, ❓ academic paper faqs.

There are many forms of academic writing , but an academic paper should always meet three basic criteria . It should be written by scholars for other scholars, focus on issues that concern the academic community, and contain an informed argument. Other characteristics of academic writing include a formal writing style, specific vocabulary terms, and the use of the third-person perspective.

What Is an Academic Paper?

There are four general types of academic texts . A descriptive text describes a phenomenon, person, or fact. A reflective text conveys the author’s response to experiences, opinions, or new information. An analytical paper shows the relationships between different phenomena. And, finally, a critical text evaluates someone else’s work.

Examples of academic paper genres include:

📚 Book Review

To put it simply, a review is a critical evaluation of a text, object, event, etc. A review is not merely a summary, but rather a commentary with persuasive arguments . When writing a good book review , you need to clearly state your opinion of the work in question, and support your statements logically and/or empirically.

Reviews are usually short and rarely exceed 1000 words in academic journals and newspapers. The structure of a book review often resembles that of other academic papers, featuring typical elements like an introduction, a thesis statement, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

Book Review Example

🤨 Critique Paper

A critique paper aims to critically read and analyze a text, research, or performance. It can also be called a response paper. A critique resembles a book review, but there are important differences. A review should contain the key points of the work in question, while a critique focuses on the evaluation and analysis of the text or research.

If you need more information on how to write a critique paper, take a look at our killer writing tips !

Critique Paper Example

✍️ Academic Essay

An essay is a common form of academic writing. Many different kinds of academic essays exist, but most of them share the same goal of informing readers about the author’s position with the help of arguments and evidence.

There is no ready-made formula for the perfect essay structure .

Instead, it may be useful to think of the different sections of the text as answers to different questions that your reader might have when encountering your research essay. For example, “ What ” is probably the first question a reader might have. Thus, the “what” or “demonstration” section of your paper, which aims to explain the phenomenon about which you are writing, should come early, just after the introduction.

Next, your reader might want to know if the claims you make are valid in all cases. “ How ” is the corresponding question here. How will another perspective, a new set of materials, or different sources affect the claim you make? A typical academic essay usually contains at least one “how” section.

And finally, before coming to a conclusion, your reader might want to ask “ Why ” or “ So what ”. Why does this matter to anyone besides you? Answering this question helps your readers understand the text within a broader context. By providing a clear response to the "why" question, your essay demonstrates its significance.

Academic Essay Example

🎥 Movie Analysis

Unlike literature, a movie includes audiovisual elements. However, literature and film do have many similarities. Both use characters, dialogues, plots, settings, symbolism, etc. These features can be analyzed for their intent and effect in both cinema and literature.

Coherent arguments and convincing evidence are as crucial for movie analysis as for other scholarly papers. Therefore, well-developed academic writing skills are required to write a successful film analysis paper .

📊 Academic Report

A report is a type of academic paper that is created for a very clear purpose and contains specific information and evidence. Students are usually asked to write reports for one of two reasons: 1) to demonstrate what they have learned, or 2) to develop an important skill. Moreover, a good report needs to be clear , concise , and well structured . Still confused about writing a report? Don’t hesitate to check out our report writing tips !

Academic Report Example

🔬 Research Paper

Like most other scholarly papers, an academic research paper is not just a collection of information or a review of the literature on a particular topic. A research paper needs to present your own argument on a topic, supported by others’ works.

What does a research paper look like? Usually, it is an expanded version of an essay. When working on an essay, a student often focuses on personal thoughts and experiences. However, to write on a research paper, you need to find out what the experts know. Thus, a literature review section is usually an essential part of a research paper outline. Other important parts include the abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references.

How long should a research paper be? There’s no single answer to this question because the length of a research paper depends on its topic and purpose. However, an average paper usually fills between four and five pages.

If you need more advice on how to do a research paper, please read this article !

Research Paper Example

The whole writing process may seem overly complex and intimidating at first. But when you break it down into smaller tasks, it becomes more organized and manageable.

Below is a step-by-step guide on how to write an academic paper most efficiently. Before jumping into it, you can add a preparation stage. Spend a little bit of time by checking out some free essay samples to gain some inspiration and generate ideas. It will boost the whole process and help you reach your goal with ease.

How to Write an Academic Paper: 9 Easy Steps

🔥 Step 1. Choose a Hot Topic

Selecting a topic is probably the most difficult challenge for students who are starting their research papers. Sometimes you are assigned a topic, but often you need to choose one by yourself. Choosing and defining a good topic is a crucial part of a successful research project. However, don’t fret about coming up with the final version for the header of your academic paper at this stage. That decision comes much later.

❓ Step 2. Formulate Your Topic as a Research Question

A research question is the base of every scholarly paper. You can think of your research project as a house. The data collection forms the walls, and the hypothesis is the foundation. Your research question, however, is even more fundamental; it is the ground beneath the house. It needs to be solid , specific , and answerable .

At this stage, it is important to develop a preliminary research question, keeping in mind that you’ll probably refine or even change it later.

🤓 Step 3. Read & Make Notes

Most likely, you’ll have reviewed some sources by this stage of topic selection, but now is the time to dig deeper.

To get started, make a list of the sources that you plan to use. Ideally, they should be relevant to the topic and as current as possible. Make sure that you understand who the top voices in your field are and what they have to say about your topic. If you have any questions, you can always use our guide on how to find credible sources .

It is a good idea to take notes while reading. Later, you’ll be able to convert them into a full literature review section.

❗ Step 4. Formulate a Thesis Statement

Once you’ve decided on a research question, and you have a grasp on what other scholars have written on the topic, it is time to make your own ideas more concrete. At this stage, you need to formulate a thesis statement that aims to convey the central argument of your academic paper. Your task is to persuade your audience that you have something valuable to say. A good thesis statement should be specific , debatable , and concise .

🔍 Step 5. Get Your Empirical Results

This step is not always necessary. Still, if you need empirical evidence to prove your thesis, you’ll have to spend time collecting it. Scholars conduct their research in different ways, so this stage is flexible according to your specific topic. If you have any questions about gathering empirical evidence, you can always consult your professor.

📅 Step 6. Plan Your Paper

The work that you’ve already done has probably given you tons of exciting ideas. Your task at this stage is to organize these ideas logically in an outline format. Think of the key points that support your thesis and use them as subheadings for the body paragraphs of your paper.

A typical academic paper structure includes:

Academic paper structure

🖊️ Step 7. Write Your Draft

At this stage, you already have an outline that gives you a direction. All you need to do is create the first draft of your paper by filling in the details of each section.

The header of your academic paper is very important. If you want to make a good impression on your audience, take note that the title is the first thing that they’ll see. Make a list of the keywords that pertain to the topic you chose, the methods you used, and the results you obtained. Create a sentence that includes as many of the keywords as possible. Make it logical and concise, and add a subtitle if needed.

After creating your headers, you’ll find that drafting the individual sections of your paper is much easier. If you still have doubts, you can find more information on how to write an academic paper here .

🗒️ Step 8. Revise & Edit the Draft

Now that you’ve managed to finish your first draft, take a moment to congratulate yourself! And then, get back to work because you still have a lot to do.

Remember, the first draft is never perfect. If you want to make a good impression on your audience, revise and edit the content and grammar of your paper. Use our checklists to make your academic paper as perfect as it can be.

🔤 Step 9. Format Your Paper

At this stage, you need to make sure that that the format of your academic paper meets the correct style requirements. Pay special attention to citations.

The idea behind citations is simple. If you use the ideas of other people in your work, you must give them credit .

How do you cite your sources ? There are many citation styles, but the most popular are APA and MLA .

What is APA Format?

APA (American Psychological Association) style is often used in Social Sciences (Sociology, Anthropology, Economics, etc.), but many other disciplines use it too.

Take a look at our guidelines if you need to write a paper that requires APA format. You can also find sample APA papers below.

What is MLA Format?

MLA style was developed by the Modern Language Association. MLA is the leading style of documentation in the Humanities, and enables students and researchers in the fields of Language and Literature to format their papers in a universal way.

Want to learn more? You can always read our guidebook , or find sample MLA papers below.

❓ How to write an academic paper?

To write a paper, you need to choose a hot topic and formulate a research question. Then read your sources and get some empirical evidence if necessary. Then make a plan of your paper and write the first draft of it. Take your time to revise and edit the draft. And, finally, don’t forget about the formatting!

❓ How do you start an academic paper?

Selecting a research topic is the starting point for every paper. It is also probably the most difficult challenge, especially when you need to choose one by yourself. However, don’t worry too much about coming up with the final version of the topic at this stage. Formulate a preliminary one. Once you’ve formulated a topic and a research question, the base of your scientific paper is ready.

❓ How do I write a good academic paper?

A good academic paper features several characteristics. First of all, it has a clear purpose. It contains a research question and an answer to it. Moreover, a good paper presents an original point of view. A good academic text is a well-structured one: all parts of it should support the thesis statement. The explanations should be clear, logical, and straightforward. Last but not least, a good paper bases on a number of scholarly sources.

❓ What are the parts of an academic paper?

A basic academic paper structure includes three main parts: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The body is usually the most voluminous part of any paper. It typically consists of a literature review, a methods section, results, and discussion. An abstract (a short and concise summation of the entire story) is not always required. Still, most academic papers aimed for publication have one.

❓ What is an example of academic writing?

Numerous forms of academic writing exist. Still, an excellent example of academic writing should be written by scholars for other scholars, explore the issues that concern the academic community, and contain an informed argument. Examples of academic writing include book reviews, critique papers, essays, movie analysis, reports, research papers, etc.

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Good Example Of Essay On Purpose Of The Report

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Marketing , Customers , Business , Tesco , Concept , Management , Organization , Products

Published: 11/19/2020

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The paper focuses on the evolution of the concept of marketing myopia presented by Levitt (1960) as the relevance of this concept has emerged once again in the form of new marketing myopia. In the light of case study of Tesco, the concept of new marketing myopia is analyzed. Many organizations in the 21st century face similar challenges just as Tesco because they fail to realize the stakeholders that they should address. To avoid this new marketing myopia, a number of steps have been recommended by the end to the report. The basic idea of the report is to involve all stakeholders and to institutionalize the processes of involvement. [Student] [Professor]

Introduction

The purpose of this report is to discuss the basic concept of marketing myopia, which was initially presented by Levitt in July-Aug edition of Harvard Business Review (Levitt 35) in 1960. On the basis of the work, the rise of new marketing myopia concept and its comparison with the old myopia concept is also discussed in the report (Dewhirst & Davis 87). Further, the report includes a discussion on these concepts in terms of establishment of differentiated knowledge and contribution in the field of marketing management. To meet the report objective, the case study of TESCO’s marketing myopia is scrutinized in the paper.

Context of Report

The paper discussion is based on the work of professionals and academic writers so as to generate a better understanding of the concept of marketing myopia, thus, making their knowledge the context of this report. The discussion is done in relation to TESCO’s marketing myopia that developed over time as well as the roots and implications of TESCO’s case for managers, subordinates, and customers. Furthermore, the report develops a context of firm-customer relationship to conclude the factors that lead to the creation of marketing myopia including fateful purposes or shadow of obsolescence, dangers to R&D and pressures on production (Villarino and Font).

Background of the Case

Company Mission According to the mission and core values of the company, it seems much centered to its customer, stating that we treat customers just like we need to treat customers as according to its business and mission, it is involved in the business at every level. According to Tesla, these values and kind of business and value-delivery help us to communicate to our customers that what they can anticipate from us. Furthermore, the vision and mission of Tesco is consisted of five elements that is to be needed and wanted, continuous growth, innovation, thinking global, acting local, gaining loyalty and trust from the customers.

Key Products

Tesco deals with various kinds of products and services. Groceries include Fresh Food, Bakery, Food Cupboard, Frozen food, drinks, baby food, health & beauty, pets food, household general groceries (with home delivery services and delivery savers). Tesco also deals with women and Men’s Clothing, Kinds clothing and school Uniform. Tesco directly deals in technology & gaming, toys, home appliances, entertainment, beauty, and garden.

Key Markets

Tesco has half a million employees, who belong to twelve countries including, US, Poland, Malaysia, Ireland, India, Hungary, Lotus, Kipa, Czech Republic, Slovakia and China. Whereas, eighty million customers visit Tesco per week, including six online stores (Brown 281).

Origin and Evolution of the Concept

The concept of marketing myopia was first highlighted by Theodore Levitt in 1960. He analyzed the failure of organizations and industries. On the basis of his analysis, he concluded that failures are caused by wrong management decisions. The wrong business decisions happen due to a cramped vision of the top management. Levitt (1960) highlighted that railroads were going out of business because they focused on the “product” of railway, but not on the passengers’ needs. It is to say that top management thought that they were in the business of providing railroad services (Maclaran). This cramped vision that solely focused on the product and not on the customer, led to the decline of railroad industry. Similarly, before the emergence of television industry, Hollywood defined its business as ‘movie industry’. But with the emergence of television industry, many businesses in Hollywood were ruined. What Hollywood producers did not understand was that it was not dealing in ‘movie industry’, rather it was dealing in the entertainment industry. As soon as an alternative emerged in the form of TV, only those Hollywood companies survived which adapted with this change. Therefore, the obsession of the organizations with the products, rather than the customer’s needs leads towards marketing myopia as the whole marketing strategy revolves around the product, not the client. Such cramped vision in which the business firms overlook the real needs of consumers was named as ‘marketing myopia’ by Levitt (1960). The origin of marketing myopia as a concept is embedded in the theory of ‘creative destruction’ described by Schumpeter. Creative destruction implies that with the emergence of a better alternative to fulfill the customer needs, the rest of the industry has to follow the new trend. This is to say that fulfilling the customer needs in a better way is more important than just pushing company’s own products towards the customers (Schumpeter). Thus, organizations must destroy the outdated products and strategies and design new products to meet the customers’ needs (Aghion & Howitt). After Levitt (1960) highlighted the importance of customer orientation, organizational awareness increased and customer focus became the most popular business orientation. Over the period of previous few decades, a new phenomenon has emerged, which has been name by several marketing gurus as “marketing mania” or “marketing hyperopia” (Kotler and Levy 13). This new form of marketing myopia suggests that the organizations have learnt the lesson of customer orientation too much. It is to say that by focusing on the customer, the organizations have ignored all of the other stakeholders. Thus, they fail to recognize any socio-economic and environmental impacts of their business activities. In this manner, marketing has moved from one kind of cramped vision to another kind of cramped vision. This new marketing myopia has its roots in the stakeholder theory of marketing (Laczniak & Murphy 290). The stakeholder theory recognizes that a customer, while being a consumer, is also a citizen, community member, and a parent. Therefore, along with recognizing the consumer-hat that the customer wears, all these perspectives of a consumer’s life should be kept in mind, for the sake of the company’s own profitability. This will mean that to fully incorporate the dynamics of target market organization needs to adopt a more holistic view of what “customer orientation” means. The social and economic aspects of customers cannot be cast aside if right customer orientation is to be realized (Davis 25).

Marketing Myopia and Tesco

Marketing Concept Marketing Relevance Tesco definitely overlooked the changes occurring in the marketing environment as it didn’t cater the customer needs, or to say it better, it did not cater all of its stakeholders by implementing outdated strategy of mass production accompanied with too much vagueness in its marketing orientation as it t and even ignored the relevant needs and demands of the customer as compared to its competitors. For instance, Tesco management knew that the customers want ‘discounting’ on many products but they did not pay attention to this and such issues. This meant inefficiency and cost escalation while competing with competitors on several fronts but ignoring customers at the same time (Gummesson 260).

Marketing’s Stakeholders

As described earlier, the customer is not being seen as a citizen, an employee, a parent, a member of community, or a global member with any strategic future but only a customer (Quelch & Jocz 830). However, the modern customers include many factors in the purchasing process that have changed the decision making and the context of the business today. The marketers at Tesco ignored the socio-economic and environmental concerns of the clients and suppliers excluding these factors from their marketing strategy, which was only focused on promoting their products and promotion packages. As a result, they had to face shrinking level of customer satisfaction (Laczniak & Murphy 288).

Managerial Recommendations

Both the concepts of marketing myopia have their own implications for managerial decision making. The implications of the concept of marketing myopia given by Levitt have long been widely implemented in the marketing strategy and overall business strategy of an organization (Levitt 45). A few major implications of the original concept of marketing myopia are given below: Firstly, business organizations have to adapt to the changing environment and this adaption needs to be quick. The railway industry should have had realized that the other means of transportation are going to shrink their customer base. Similarly Hollywood producers should have adapted themselves to the changing environment of the entertainment industry with the emerging trend of TV. Secondly, the role of leadership becomes very important. Top management and middle management need to drive the organization according to the spontaneously changing environment. Thirdly, from top management to the lower level staff, everyone should be clear that the customer is their sole focus. Delivering value to the customer should be the focus of business operations on every level. If only the top management recognizes the importance of customer orientation while the lower level staff does not pay heed to the client complaints, then the company can surely suffer from the disease of marketing myopia as their sales and customer loyalty will slowly shrink down (Kitchen and Proctor 6). Just as the original concept of ‘marketing myopia’, the new concept of marketing myopia poses many questions to the managers and practitioners. Some of the managerial implications that the new marketing myopia brings along with it are discussed below;

The managers should map out their company’s stakeholders and get a holistic view of who their customers are,

After identifying the key stakeholders, their needs and expectations should be studied. This will help the organization in setting the goal, The organization should actively involve its stakeholders by forming various focus groups. The idea is to get closer to them so that the organization can know them better (Smith et al. 10). Finally these processes should be internalized and institutionalized in the organization. Just taking initiatives to address this marketing myopia once in a while will not be sufficient as organization should take steps for more holistic decision making on daily basis. For this purpose, the processes should be internalized (Patel). Tesco can adopt the steps mentioned above to avoid the form of marketing myopia which they are facing. By involving all stakeholders in decision-making, Tesco will be able to avoid its competitor orientation and focus more on the customer needs.

The concept of marketing myopia has inspired radical change in the marketing perspective. The evolution of concept of marketing myopia suggests that it has been the focus of managers lately that shows its practical applicability (LaPlaca 246). The new marketing myopia has put forward many challenges for the organizations. Tesco is facing similar challenges that have put it in a vulnerable position (Kotler and Keller). A number of ways can be adopted to avoid this new marketing myopia. The report suggests many recommendations that can be adopted to solve this problem. Finally, the study concludes that, if organizations such as Tesco want to keep growing, they need to incorporate the stakeholders’ view and get a holistic picture of the customer needs.

Works Cited

Dewhirst, T., & Davis, B. (2005). Brand strategy and integrated marketing communication (IMC): A case study of Player’s cigarette brand marketing. Journal of Advertising, 34(4), 81-92. Laczniak, G. R., & Murphy, P. E. (2012). Stakeholder theory and marketing: Moving from a firm-centric to a societal perspective. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 31(2), 284-292. Levitt, T. (1960). Marketing myopia. Harvard business review, 38(4), 24-47. Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1990). A model of growth through creative destruction (No. w3223). National Bureau of Economic Research. Schumpeter, J. (1942). Creative destruction. Capitalism, socialism and democracy. Smith, N. C., Drumwright, M. E., & Gentile, M. C. (2010). The new marketing myopia. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 29(1), 4-11. Davis, I. (2005). How to escape the short-term trap. The McKinsey Quarterly,25. Kotler, P., & Levy, S. J. (1969). Broadening the concept of marketing. The Journal of Marketing, 10-15. Kotler, P., & Levy, S. J. (1969). A new form of marketing myopia: rejoinder to Professor Luck. The Journal of Marketing, 55-57. Quelch, J. A., & Jocz, K. E. (2008). Milestones in marketing. Business History Review, 82(04), 827-838. Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., & Wicks, A. C. (2007). Managing for stakeholders: Survival, reputation, and success. Yale University Press. Gummesson, E. (1998). Implementation requires a relationship marketing paradigm. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 26(3), 242-249. Brown, Stephen. 'Reconsidering The Classics: Reader Response To "Marketing Myopia"'. Journal of Marketing Management 21.5-6 (2005): 473-487. Web. Villarino, J., and X. Font. 'Sustainability Marketing Myopia: The Lack Of Sustainability Communication Persuasiveness'. Journal of Vacation Marketing (2015): n. pag. Web. Maclaran, Pauline. The SAGE Handbook Of Marketing Theory. Los Angeles [CA]: SAGE, 2010. Print. Kitchen, Philip J., and R. Anthony Proctor. 'ADJUSTING TO CHANGE: HOW SMALL FIRMS MIGHT GET AROUND THE (POTENTIAL) MARKETING MYOPIA PROBLEM'. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 2.1 (1995): 3-9. Web. LaPlaca, Peter J. 'Industrial Marketing Management'. Industrial Marketing Management 37.3 (2008): 245-246. Web. Patel, Vinod. Theories And Techniques Of Marketing Management. Jaipur, India: Oxford Book Co., 2007. Print. Kotler, Philip, and Kevin Lane Keller. Marketing Management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. BOONE, LOUIS E. Contemporary Marketing, 2013 Update. [s.l.]: Cengage learning custom p, 2012. Print.

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Web10+ Short Report Essay Examples 1. Short Report Essay Journals blogger.com Details File Format PDF Size: 72 KB Download 2. Short Annual Report Art and Essay WebEach report essay example in the collection contains all necessary information and fully meets the requirements of the professor. You can use a report sample essay to get the WebEssays onReport $ for a 2-page paper get custom paper Report on successful academic piece of writing Introduction This report is aimed to improve the potential of WebNov 19, · Abstract. The paper focuses on the evolution of the concept of marketing myopia presented by Levitt () as the relevance of this concept has emerged once WebThe CIPD report () provides some examples of DM where the increasing and well-managing diversity had positive results both in business case and in work environment, ... read more

A component of this report will also outline and assess the challenges Burberry faces in the market in which it operates and propose ways to tackle such challenges. Read More. Pages: 13 Words: View Sample. The report found that the key accounting standard changes that have occurred within the Company include state Pages: 12 Words: Don't know how to write a paper for the grade you need? Use our paper writing services and get assistance necessary to get the grade you want. Creating the right directional strategies leads to improved organizational performance.

They are defined by the vision, mission, and values and must be created after extensive research and analysis of the internal and external environment. This study provides a directional strategy for the Defense Health Agency DHA , a healthcare organization dedicated to delivering medical care to Top management and middle management need to drive the organization according to the spontaneously changing environment. Thirdly, from top management to the lower level staff, everyone should be clear that the customer is their sole focus. Delivering value to the customer should be the focus of business operations on every level. If only the top management recognizes the importance of customer orientation while the lower level staff does not pay heed to the client complaints, then the company can surely suffer from the disease of marketing myopia as their sales and customer loyalty will slowly shrink down Kitchen and Proctor 6.

Some of the managerial implications that the new marketing myopia brings along with it are discussed below;. After identifying the key stakeholders, their needs and expectations should be studied. This will help the organization in setting the goal, The organization should actively involve its stakeholders by forming various focus groups. The idea is to get closer to them so that the organization can know them better Smith et al. Finally these processes should be internalized and institutionalized in the organization.

Just taking initiatives to address this marketing myopia once in a while will not be sufficient as organization should take steps for more holistic decision making on daily basis. For this purpose, the processes should be internalized Patel. Tesco can adopt the steps mentioned above to avoid the form of marketing myopia which they are facing. By involving all stakeholders in decision-making, Tesco will be able to avoid its competitor orientation and focus more on the customer needs. The concept of marketing myopia has inspired radical change in the marketing perspective. The evolution of concept of marketing myopia suggests that it has been the focus of managers lately that shows its practical applicability LaPlaca The new marketing myopia has put forward many challenges for the organizations.

Tesco is facing similar challenges that have put it in a vulnerable position Kotler and Keller. A number of ways can be adopted to avoid this new marketing myopia. The report suggests many recommendations that can be adopted to solve this problem. Dewhirst, T. Journal of Advertising, 34 4 , Laczniak, G. Stakeholder theory and marketing: Moving from a firm-centric to a societal perspective. Levitt, T. Marketing myopia. Harvard business review, 38 4 , Aghion, P. A model of growth through creative destruction No. National Bureau of Economic Research. Schumpeter, J. Creative destruction. Capitalism, socialism and democracy.

Smith, N. The new marketing myopia. Davis, I. How to escape the short-term trap. The McKinsey Quarterly, Kotler, P. Broadening the concept of marketing. The Journal of Marketing, A new form of marketing myopia: rejoinder to Professor Luck. Quelch, J. Milestones in marketing. Business History Review, 82 04 , Freeman, R. Managing for stakeholders: Survival, reputation, and success. Yale University Press. Gummesson, E. Implementation requires a relationship marketing paradigm. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 26 3 , Brown, Stephen.

Journal of Marketing Management Villarino, J. Journal of Vacation Marketing : n. Maclaran, Pauline. The SAGE Handbook Of Marketing Theory. Los Angeles [CA]: SAGE, Kitchen, Philip J. They start having the menstrual. However, boys break their voice, their testicles and scrotum enlarge, pubic hair Business Information System Name Institution Affiliation Abstract Information technology has earned itself an important spot in the business environment over time irrespective of an organization being profit or nonprofit organization. Various technologies have been developed in the business sector hence this paper is going to describe various vital technologies of business information systems that are used where I work at and further giving an insight into how these business information systems are affecting the organization in terms of its operations and delivery of products goods and services to the clients.

The impact the business information systems have had on the organizational HR specialists must deal with employee shortages by employing innovative ways of hiring and retaining the best professionals. The hiring of nurses and other professionals requires that HR department uses a criterion that identifies potential employees with particular talents and skills needed in a job vacancy. HR specialists also address the workers shortage by formulating better Question one Social structure may refer to the patterned social relations, which simply implies to those regular and repetitive elements of the interactions between the members of a given social organization, for example, community, society, etc. The environment, on the other hand, refers to anything that surrounds a living organism and influences its behavior or actions.

Social structure refers to the system of socioeconomic stratification, social institutions, or other organized relations between large social groups. Social structure or more simply the way social relationships are patterned is directly or indirectly dependent on the environment or the context under which these relationships are The three main theories of sociology that are largely presented are structural functionalism, conflict theory, in addition to symbolic interactionism. So as to properly demonstrate how these theories are represented in movies, it is imperative to begin by understanding and having a working definition of the respective theories. In structural functionalism, cultures are regarded as creatures with independent parts.

The implication is that all features of society, or all people within a society, function as

We use cookies to enhance our website for you. Proceed if you agree to this policy or learn more about it. Buy now, save instantly, get the job done on time! Type of paper: Essay. Topic: Marketing , Customers , Business , Tesco , Concept , Management , Organization , Products. Pages: 8. Words: The paper focuses on the evolution of the concept of marketing myopia presented by Levitt as the relevance of this concept has emerged once again in the form of new marketing myopia. In the light of case study of Tesco, the concept of new marketing myopia is analyzed. Many organizations in the 21st century face similar challenges just as Tesco because they fail to realize the stakeholders that they should address. To avoid this new marketing myopia, a number of steps have been recommended by the end to the report.

The basic idea of the report is to involve all stakeholders and to institutionalize the processes of involvement. The purpose of this report is to discuss the basic concept of marketing myopia, which was initially presented by Levitt in July-Aug edition of Harvard Business Review Levitt 35 in Further, the report includes a discussion on these concepts in terms of establishment of differentiated knowledge and contribution in the field of marketing management. The paper discussion is based on the work of professionals and academic writers so as to generate a better understanding of the concept of marketing myopia, thus, making their knowledge the context of this report.

Company Mission According to the mission and core values of the company, it seems much centered to its customer, stating that we treat customers just like we need to treat customers as according to its business and mission, it is involved in the business at every level. According to Tesla, these values and kind of business and value-delivery help us to communicate to our customers that what they can anticipate from us. Furthermore, the vision and mission of Tesco is consisted of five elements that is to be needed and wanted, continuous growth, innovation, thinking global, acting local, gaining loyalty and trust from the customers. Tesco deals with various kinds of products and services.

Tesco has half a million employees, who belong to twelve countries including, US, Poland, Malaysia, Ireland, India, Hungary, Lotus, Kipa, Czech Republic, Slovakia and China. Whereas, eighty million customers visit Tesco per week, including six online stores Brown The concept of marketing myopia was first highlighted by Theodore Levitt in He analyzed the failure of organizations and industries. On the basis of his analysis, he concluded that failures are caused by wrong management decisions. The wrong business decisions happen due to a cramped vision of the top management. It is to say that top management thought that they were in the business of providing railroad services Maclaran.

This cramped vision that solely focused on the product and not on the customer, led to the decline of railroad industry. But with the emergence of television industry, many businesses in Hollywood were ruined. As soon as an alternative emerged in the form of TV, only those Hollywood companies survived which adapted with this change. Creative destruction implies that with the emergence of a better alternative to fulfill the customer needs, the rest of the industry has to follow the new trend. After Levitt highlighted the importance of customer orientation, organizational awareness increased and customer focus became the most popular business orientation.

This new form of marketing myopia suggests that the organizations have learnt the lesson of customer orientation too much. It is to say that by focusing on the customer, the organizations have ignored all of the other stakeholders. Thus, they fail to recognize any socio-economic and environmental impacts of their business activities. In this manner, marketing has moved from one kind of cramped vision to another kind of cramped vision. The stakeholder theory recognizes that a customer, while being a consumer, is also a citizen, community member, and a parent. The social and economic aspects of customers cannot be cast aside if right customer orientation is to be realized Davis This meant inefficiency and cost escalation while competing with competitors on several fronts but ignoring customers at the same time Gummesson However, the modern customers include many factors in the purchasing process that have changed the decision making and the context of the business today.

The marketers at Tesco ignored the socio-economic and environmental concerns of the clients and suppliers excluding these factors from their marketing strategy, which was only focused on promoting their products and promotion packages. Both the concepts of marketing myopia have their own implications for managerial decision making. The implications of the concept of marketing myopia given by Levitt have long been widely implemented in the marketing strategy and overall business strategy of an organization Levitt A few major implications of the original concept of marketing myopia are given below: Firstly, business organizations have to adapt to the changing environment and this adaption needs to be quick.

The railway industry should have had realized that the other means of transportation are going to shrink their customer base. Similarly Hollywood producers should have adapted themselves to the changing environment of the entertainment industry with the emerging trend of TV. Secondly, the role of leadership becomes very important. Top management and middle management need to drive the organization according to the spontaneously changing environment. Thirdly, from top management to the lower level staff, everyone should be clear that the customer is their sole focus. Delivering value to the customer should be the focus of business operations on every level. If only the top management recognizes the importance of customer orientation while the lower level staff does not pay heed to the client complaints, then the company can surely suffer from the disease of marketing myopia as their sales and customer loyalty will slowly shrink down Kitchen and Proctor 6.

Some of the managerial implications that the new marketing myopia brings along with it are discussed below;. After identifying the key stakeholders, their needs and expectations should be studied. This will help the organization in setting the goal, The organization should actively involve its stakeholders by forming various focus groups. The idea is to get closer to them so that the organization can know them better Smith et al. Finally these processes should be internalized and institutionalized in the organization. Just taking initiatives to address this marketing myopia once in a while will not be sufficient as organization should take steps for more holistic decision making on daily basis.

For this purpose, the processes should be internalized Patel. Tesco can adopt the steps mentioned above to avoid the form of marketing myopia which they are facing. By involving all stakeholders in decision-making, Tesco will be able to avoid its competitor orientation and focus more on the customer needs. The concept of marketing myopia has inspired radical change in the marketing perspective. The evolution of concept of marketing myopia suggests that it has been the focus of managers lately that shows its practical applicability LaPlaca The new marketing myopia has put forward many challenges for the organizations.

Tesco is facing similar challenges that have put it in a vulnerable position Kotler and Keller. A number of ways can be adopted to avoid this new marketing myopia. The report suggests many recommendations that can be adopted to solve this problem. Dewhirst, T. Journal of Advertising, 34 4 , Laczniak, G. Stakeholder theory and marketing: Moving from a firm-centric to a societal perspective. Levitt, T. Marketing myopia. Harvard business review, 38 4 , Aghion, P. A model of growth through creative destruction No. National Bureau of Economic Research. Schumpeter, J. Creative destruction. Capitalism, socialism and democracy. Smith, N. The new marketing myopia. Davis, I. How to escape the short-term trap.

The McKinsey Quarterly, Kotler, P. Broadening the concept of marketing. The Journal of Marketing, A new form of marketing myopia: rejoinder to Professor Luck. Quelch, J. Milestones in marketing. Business History Review, 82 04 , Freeman, R. Managing for stakeholders: Survival, reputation, and success. Yale University Press. Gummesson, E. Implementation requires a relationship marketing paradigm. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 26 3 , Brown, Stephen. Journal of Marketing Management Villarino, J.

Good Example Of Essay On Purpose Of The Report,Post navigation

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Bishop Paprocki pens essay imagining ‘heretical’ cardinals, quoting San Diego’s McElroy

March 1, 2023 Catholic News Agency The Dispatch 13 Print

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St. Louis, Mo., Mar 1, 2023 / 14:45 pm (CNA).

Bishop Thomas Paprocki of Springfield, Illinois, on Tuesday published an essay in which he quotes the words of Cardinal Robert McElroy of San Diego as one of two “examples” of views contrary to a “truth which is to be believed by divine and Catholic faith,” and thus heretical.

In the Feb. 28 essay published in First Things, Paprocki, a canon and civil lawyer, criticized the words of McElroy pertaining to worthiness to receive Holy Communion, and also obliquely referred to “a cardinal of the Catholic Church [stating] publicly that homosexual acts are not sinful and same-sex unions should be blessed by the Church.”

“Until recently, it would be hard to imagine any successor of the apostles making such heterodox statements. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon today to hear Catholic leaders affirm unorthodox views that, not too long ago, would have been espoused only by heretics,” wrote the bishop, who is chairman-elect of the U.S. bishops’ Committee on Canonical Affairs and Church Governance.

While Paprocki did not name McElroy directly, he quoted in his opening paragraph a recent essay McElroy authored in America magazine on the “radical inclusion” of those identifying as LGBT, women, and others in the Church.

In that essay, McElroy called for “a eucharistic theology that effectively invites all of the baptized to the table of the Lord, rather than a theology of eucharistic coherence that multiplies barriers to the grace and gift of the Eucharist.” McElroy later, in a podcast interview, clarified that by “the baptized” he was referring to all baptized Catholics, and said that his view stemmed from Pope Francis’ description of the Eucharist as “not as a prize for the perfect, but as a source of healing for us all.”

At issue, Paprocki wrote, is McElroy’s apparent rejection of the Church’s teaching, contained in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, that “Anyone aware of having sinned mortally must not receive communion without having received absolution in the sacrament of penance” (No. 1415). In Paprocki’s view, McElroy’s statements on the Eucharist are “contrary to a ‘truth which is to be believed by divine and Catholic faith.’”

“The truth about eucharistic coherence that must be believed by divine and Catholic faith was articulated by St. Paul in his First Letter to the Corinthians: ‘Whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of profaning the body and blood of the Lord … For anyone who eats and drinks without discerning the body eats and drinks judgment upon himself’ (1 Cor 11:27–29). This has been the constant teaching of the Church for the past two thousand years,” Paprocki wrote.

“[I]t is deeply troubling to consider the possibility that prelates holding the office of diocesan bishop in the Catholic Church may be separated or not in full communion because of heresy. Yet both the cases mentioned above would in fact involve heresy, since heresy is defined as ‘the obstinate denial or obstinate doubt after the reception of baptism of some truth which is to be believed by divine and Catholic faith’ (canon 751 of the Code of Canon Law),” he wrote.

In a Wednesday statement to CNA, Paprocki said his essay was not intended to be an accusation of any cardinal in particular.

“I intentionally did not mention names because I do not want this to be about the personalities involved but about the Catholic teachings that are being denied,” Paprocki said.

“Is it not contrary to the Catholic faith and therefore heresy to say that sexual sins are not a grave matter? Is it not contrary to the Catholic faith and therefore heresy to say that one may receive holy Communion despite having committed grave sin without repenting? If so, what are the canonical implications of such heresies?” he told CNA. “That is why the essay is titled, ‘Imagine a Heretical Cardinal’ not ‘Accusing a Heretical Cardinal.’”

In the case of a person holding heretical views, that person has “de facto separated themselves ontologically — that is, in reality — from the communion of the Church,” Paprocki wrote in his essay.

“Thus heretics, apostates, and schismatics inflict the penalty of excommunication upon themselves,” he wrote. “[A] cardinal of the Catholic Church, like any other Catholic who denies settled Catholic teaching, embraces heresy, the result of which is automatic excommunication from the Catholic Church.”

“Only the pope can remove a cardinal from office or dismiss him from the clerical state in the case of heresy or other grave crimes. If he does not do so, the unseemly prospect arises of a cardinal, excommunicated latae sententiae due to heresy, voting in a papal conclave,” Paprocki continued.

The Diocese of San Diego did not respond by press time to CNA’s request for a response from Cardinal McElroy to Paprocki’s assessment of his views on the Eucharist.

• Related at Catholic World Report: “A better way forward: A response to Cardinal Robert McElroy” (Feb 20, 2023) by Bishop Thomas John Paprocki

If you value the news and views Catholic World Report provides, please consider donating to support our efforts. Your contribution will help us continue to make CWR available to all readers worldwide for free, without a subscription. Thank you for your generosity!

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Cardinal Arinze explains why Belgian bishops can’t bless same-sex couples

Cardinal Francis Arinze. / Padre Mimmo Spatuzzi via Wikimedia (CC BY-SA 3.0).

Denver Newsroom, Sep 26, 2022 / 16:00 pm (CNA). The Belgian bishops’ introduction of blessing ceremonies for same-sex couples has drawn rebuke from Cardinal Francis A… […]

Pope Francis: Marginalizing the poor threatens ‘the very concept of democracy’

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Vatican City, Jun 14, 2021 / 05:30 am (CNA).

Pope Francis said Monday that “the very concept of democracy is jeopardized” when the poor are marginalized and treated as if they are to blame for their condition.

In his World Day of the Poor message released June 14, the pope appealed for a new global approach to poverty.

“This is a challenge that governments and world institutions need to take up with a farsighted social model capable of countering the new forms of poverty that are now sweeping the world and will decisively affect coming decades,” he wrote.

“If the poor are marginalized, as if they were to blame for their condition, then the very concept of democracy is jeopardized and every social policy will prove bankrupt.”

The theme of this year’s World Day of the Poor is “The poor you will always have with you,” the words of Jesus recorded in Mark 14:7 after a woman anointed him with precious ointment.

While Judas and others were scandalized by the gesture, Jesus accepted it, the pope said, because he saw it as pointing to the anointing of his body after his crucifixion.

“Jesus was reminding them that he is the first of the poor, the poorest of the poor, because he represents all of them. It was also for the sake of the poor, the lonely, the marginalized and the victims of discrimination, that the Son of God accepted the woman’s gesture,” the pope wrote.

“With a woman’s sensitivity, she alone understood what the Lord was thinking. That nameless woman, meant perhaps to represent all those women who down the centuries would be silenced and suffer violence, thus became the first of those women who were significantly present at the supreme moments of Christ’s life: his crucifixion, death, burial and resurrection.”

The pope continued: “Women, so often discriminated against and excluded from positions of responsibility, are seen in the Gospels to play a leading role in the history of revelation.”

“Jesus’ then goes on to associate that woman with the great mission of evangelization: ‘Amen, I say to you, wherever the Gospel is proclaimed to the whole world, what she has done will be told in memory of her’ (Mark 14:9).”

The pope lamented what he said was an increasing tendency to dismiss the poor against the background of the coronavirus crisis.

“There seems to be a growing notion that the poor are not only responsible for their condition, but that they represent an intolerable burden for an economic system focused on the interests of a few privileged groups,” he commented.

“A market that ignores ethical principles, or picks and chooses from among them, creates inhumane conditions for people already in precarious situations. We are now seeing the creation of new traps of poverty and exclusion, set by unscrupulous economic and financial actors lacking in a humanitarian sense and in social responsibility.”

Looking back to 2020, the year that COVID-19 swept the world, he continued: “Last year we experienced yet another scourge that multiplied the numbers of the poor: the pandemic, which continues to affect millions of people and, even when it does not bring suffering and death, is nonetheless a portent of poverty.”

“The poor have increased disproportionately and, tragically, they will continue to do so in the coming months.”

The World Bank estimated in October that the pandemic could push as many as 115 million additional people into extreme poverty by 2021. It said that it expected global extreme poverty — defined as living on less than $1.90 a day — to rise in 2020 for the first time in more than 20 years.

The pope wrote: “Some countries are suffering extremely severe consequences from the pandemic, so that the most vulnerable of their people lack basic necessities. The long lines in front of soup kitchens are a tangible sign of this deterioration.”

“There is a clear need to find the most suitable means of combating the virus at the global level without promoting partisan interests.”

“It is especially urgent to offer concrete responses to those who are unemployed, whose numbers include many fathers, mothers, and young people.”

Pope Francis established the World Day of the Poor in his apostolic letter Misericordia et misera , issued in 2016 at the end of the Church’s Jubilee Year of Mercy.

The idea came about, he explained, during the Jubilee for Socially Excluded People .

“At the conclusion of the Jubilee of Mercy, I wanted to offer the Church a World Day of the Poor, so that throughout the world Christian communities can become an ever greater sign of Christ’s charity for the least and those most in need,” the pope wrote in his first World Day of the Poor message in 2017.

The Day is celebrated each year on the 33rd Sunday of Ordinary Time, a week before the Feast of Christ the King. This year, it will fall on Nov. 14.

Coronavirus restrictions forced the Vatican to scale down its commemoration of the World Day of the Poor in 2020. It was unable to host a “field hospital” for the poor in St. Peter’s Square as it had in previous years. But it distributed 5,000 parcels to Rome’s poor and gave 350,000 masks to schools.

Pope Francis followed his custom of marking the day by celebrating a Mass in St. Peter’s Basilica.

Presenting the papal message at a Vatican press conference on June 14, Archbishop Rino Fisichella noted that the pope highlighted the example of St. Damien of Molokai.

The Belgian priest, canonized in 2009, ministered to leprosy sufferers in Hawaii.

“Pope Francis calls to mind the witness of this saint in confirmation of so many men and women, including hundreds of priests, who in this COVID-19 drama have been willing to share totally in the suffering of millions of infected people,” the president of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization said.

In the message, signed on June 13, the memorial of St. Anthony of Padua, the pope argued that nowadays people in prosperous countries “are less willing than in the past to confront poverty.”

“The state of relative affluence to which we have become accustomed makes it more difficult to accept sacrifices and deprivation. People are ready to do anything rather than to be deprived of the fruits of easy gain,” he argued.

“As a result, they fall into forms of resentment, spasmodic nervousness and demands that lead to fear, anxiety and, in some cases, violence. This is no way to build our future; those attitudes are themselves forms of poverty which we cannot disregard.”

“We need to be open to reading the signs of the times that ask us to find new ways of being evangelizers in the contemporary world. Immediate assistance in responding to the needs of the poor must not prevent us from showing foresight in implementing new signs of Christian love and charity as a response to the new forms of poverty experienced by humanity today.”

The pope said he hoped that this year’s commemoration of the World Day of the Poor would inspire a new movement of evangelization at the service of disadvantaged people.

“We cannot wait for the poor to knock on our door; we need urgently to reach them in their homes, in hospitals and nursing homes, on the streets and in the dark corners where they sometimes hide, in shelters and reception centers,” he wrote.

Concluding his message, the pope cited the influential 20th-century Italian priest Fr. Primo Mazzolari, who he honored in 2017.

He wrote: “Let us make our own the heartfelt plea of Fr. Primo Mazzolari: ‘I beg you not to ask me if there are poor people, who they are and how many of them there are, because I fear that those questions represent a distraction or a pretext for avoiding a clear appeal to our consciences and our hearts… I have never counted the poor, because they cannot be counted: the poor are to be embraced, not counted.’”

“The poor are present in our midst. How evangelical it would be if we could say with all truth: we too are poor, because only in this way will we truly be able to recognize them, to make them part of our lives and an instrument of our salvation.”

Five bishops, 220 priests have died from Covid in Mexico

The Cathedral of the Assumption of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven in Mexico City, Mexico / Eduardo Berdejo/CNA

Mexico City, Mexico, May 12, 2021 / 11:01 am (CNA). According to a May 11 report from the Catholic Multimedia Center eight w… […]

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The essay of Bishop Poprocki disingenously and indirectly accuses Cardinal McElroy is just imprudent of him. He should have wise and prudent people read his essay before he published it. Paprocki’s public display of episcopal animosity in this essay spotlights deep divisions in the U.S. Catholic hierarchy marked by open disagreement and strident rhetoric among bishops that Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI would not have tolerated. There wouldn’t have been this kind of discussion under John Paul II because the Vatican would have shut it down. Pope Francis has encouraged open discussion on sensitive issues such as figuring out new ways to accompany LGBTQ Catholics and same-sex couples. Cardinal McElroy was carrying this out and anti-Pope Francis bishops like Poprocki just don’t like it. They’re trying to shut it down by using this kind of inflammatory rhetoric, even against cardinals. Paprocki should know better as a canon lawyer than to accuse someone of heresy is a formal charge. Canon 751 specifically defines heresy as the “obstinate denial or obstinate doubt… of some truth which is to be believed by divine and Catholic faith. What Paprocki has done is running together statements and teachings of different levels of authority in the church, and claiming that any disagreement with any of them amounts to heresy is just false. As for the Cardinal’s essay in America, McElroy’s point is not that that homosexual acts are not sinful, rather he’s saying that they don’t automatically rise to the level of a mortal sin, which is the kind of development in our tradition that could take place. The underlying question in all of this is whether development in church doctrine can take place. Bishop Poprocki should read John Henry Newman on this, and look at the history of the church’s teachings, like on usury, which evolved over time as the church grew deeper in its understanding of matters in the light of scripture and tradition.

Taylor, with all due respect, you’re wrong.

You wrote: “McElroy’s point is not that that homosexual acts are not sinful, rather he’s saying that they don’t automatically rise to the level of a mortal sin…”

McElroy specifically called for the blessing of “same-sex unions” by the Church.

I’m sure you will agree that the Church does not — can not — bless sin, whether deadly or not.

McElroy’s position — that there’s a conflict between God’s “radically inclusive” love and the “judgementalism” of traditional Catholic teaching — is a false dichotomy.

Yes, God’s love for humanity is infinite.

But it is precisely because of that fact that God does not accept sin, encouraging us to love one another instead of sinning.

Because sin causes pain, suffering, disorder and death.

While loving others leads to a joyful, fulfilled, meaningful life.

The McElroys and Hollerichs who preach about “radical inclusiveness” — i.e., the acceptance of sinful acts as natural and acceptable — are advocating for the acceptance of evil by the Church.

They are sowers of pain, suffering, disorder and death.

Which is why I agree that the term, “heretic,” seems most apropos when applied to them.

The shoe is on the other foot… The distinction between “grave” and “mortal” sin (grave matter plus knowledge plus free will) applies to individual cases, not entire categories of (politicized) persons. See CCC 2352 addressing the individual “subject’s (!) moral responsibility” and taking “into account the affective immaturity, force of acquired habit, conditions of anxiety, or other psychological or social factors that can lessen, if not even reduce to a minimum, moral culpability.”

Rather than a predisposing gay gene, genome research points instead to non-genetic factors— such as environment, getting locked in by early sexual experimentation, upbringing, absentee or abusive fathers, sexual abuse, personality, nurture – which are far more significant in influencing a person’s choice (!) of sexual partner, just as with most other personality, behavioral and physical human traits. https://news.yahoo.com/no-gay-gene-study-finds-180220669.html

Evangelizing and healing the current culture back onto the track of human flourishing and even holiness–and serving its victims truly–calls for something better and surely less expedient than simply redefining “marriage” and sexual morality, or the endorsing/blessing of non-binary/non-complementary liaisons, as with Batzing, Hollerich, McElroy & Co.

Individuals for whom the millstone scenario in Luke 17:2 seems to loom unmitigated—but who am I to judge?

Heterodox bishops like McElroy and his ilk can make the most outrageously heterodox statements and get a definite pass from those in the protestant wing of the Catholic Church. The Vicar of Christ in Rome can even venerate a false idol of Pachamama in the Vatican Gardens but when two Austrian men threw the idol into the Tiber, some in our Church went after them for doing so. But let one bishop stand up for the faith and he’ll soon be be having coals heaped on his head by a few.

One thing for certain: the Father of Lies is never timid nor does he ever relax his efforts to sow lies.

Plagiarism from a National Catholic Reporter opinion piece. Please acknowledge your sources when you cite them.

Unity with Jesus and his apostles, which includes faithful obedience to Jesus’ commands about sexual morality, and the teaching of his apostles, are essential Catholic and Christian beliefs.

Unity with apostate Bishops and Cardinals is not essential, nor is it desirable, because they do not abide in Jesus. “Apart from me, you can do nothing.”

Bishop Paprocki is a good shepherd. “Eminence” McElroy is a false shepherd, and such men are condemned by the very words of Jesus.

Why doesn’t Paprocki follow his analysis to its logical conclusion? If McElroy, Hollerich, Marx, and Cupich, to name only several cardinals, are heretics (as indeed they are), how can one avoid the logical conclusion that the one who identified, selected, and appointed them as cardinals from all the tens of thousands of priests and bishops in the world because they embody and exemplify his own faithlessness is also a heretic? As Paprocki himself has said, the time for polite private conversations is over.

To this same point, why is it that Bergoglio has never had the question directly put to him: “Are you a homosexual? Have you, or do you now, engage in homosexual acts?” No normal heterosexual male, much less a practicing and orthodox Catholic, and beyond question no priest or bishop striving for holiness in his personal life would ever associate himself routinely, invariably, and even daily with active sodomites, catamites, effeminates, and, most incredibly, transgendered prostitutes. When is the elephant in the room finally going to be recognized and Bergoglio asked face-to-face about his apparent homosexuality?

Important questions that need to be asked, today.

As for the Cardinal’s essay in America, McElroy’s point is not that that homosexual acts are not sinful, rather he’s saying that they don’t automatically rise to the level of a mortal sin, which is the kind of development in our tradition that could take place.

Nonsense. Perennial Church teaching holds that there are three ingredients in a mortal sin: (1) grave matter, (2) full knowledge, and (3) deliberate consent. No amount of “development” can change that, and to suggest otherwise is to put oneself beyond the doctrines of the Church.

Vatican II opened the door to this heresy.

George, the documents of Vatican II are readily available.

Please cite the passages that advocate in favor of same-sex “marriage” or female priests or any of the rest of it.

You can’t, because they’re not there.

I challenge you to read the documents. Many solid Catholics who have found them to be inspiring and true.

Until you do, you should stop bearing false witness.

Pertinax, the Latin word applied in canon 751 is translated into English as obstinate, which means persevering, a word that encompasses a belief or position that is held with consistency. As such Bishop Paprocki may have a case against a cardinal who can be proved obstinate in his heretical position. CNA safely assumes Paprocki refers to Card McElroy and his essay published by America Mag. If the Cardinal were to continue without ambiguity in the alleged position regarding homosexual acts as sinless, the unrestricted access to the Holy Eucharist over a sufficient period, and remained unrelenting after taken to task he should be censured as a heretic, if unrepentant excommunicated. That’s a drastic action that may apply to growing numbers of clergy. CNA notes the clandestine nature of the bishop’s complaint and his unwillingness to name McElroy. Nevertheless everyone understands who the accused is. Furthermore, Paprocki acknowledges a dilemma, that only a pope can censure a cardinal. And if, nevertheless someone, presumably McElroy were excommunicated Latae sententiae due to heresy, voting in a papal conclave is “an unseemly prospect”. How might this be responded to? Bishop Paprocki’s concern is hypothetical, and ignites myriad speculation since there are myriad ifs. John Paul and Benedict both considered such a papal election scenario in which, if there were doubt of canonical lawfulness. Both, despite Pascendi Dominici gregis Pius X 1907 Universi Dominici gregis John Paul II 1996 opined that the result remain valid if not lawful. Similar to 2013 when Austen Ivereigh, an intimate of Westminster Card Cormac Murphy-O’Connor, an alleged key player and informant, revealed in his 1st edition of The Great Reformer that Murphy-O’Connor said cardinals were canvassed prior to the election [Ivereigh when aware of his blunder redacted and reissued the 2nd edition]. Many still argue Francis is therefore not the true pope, that issue never confirmed, nor its unlikely adjudication now moot. Underlining this issue raised by Bishop Paprocki is the final say of the bishop of Rome. There’s no indication he will intervene if heresy became evident as pertinax or persistent since he indicates by his own words his own, if not as consistent, nevertheless coherence with McElroy. Our prelates who remain faithful to Christ and what he revealed cannot remain silent, even if canonical options are limited. As such Bishop Paprocki raising the issue whether hypothetical nevertheless identifies the major moral dysfunction afflicting the Church. That alone has value.

Obedience, chastity, poverty.

When Christ is first in our lives we want to be obedient to His word. Marriage to the church is a noble calling, we must honour those who have chosen that route. When we are in Christ, we are never impoverished.

To lift up in prayer and encourage the leaders in the church is our responsibility. Let us not overburden these special servants of Christ, but to walk in peace with them.

John 14:15 “If you love me, you will keep my commandments.

1 Peter 1:14 As obedient children, do not be conformed to the passions of your former ignorance,

Acts 5:29 But Peter and the apostles answered, “We must obey God rather than men.

1 Corinthians 6:18-20 Flee from sexual immorality. Every other sin a person commits is outside the body, but the sexually immoral person sins against his own body. Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were bought with a price. So glorify God in your body.

Proverbs 22:2 The rich and the poor meet together; the Lord is the Maker of them all.

2 Corinthians 8:9 For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor, so that you by his poverty might become rich.

Blessings to God’s faithful servants

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