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70+ Connective Words To Power Up Your Essays [COMPREHENSIVE LIST]
by Kerri-Anne Edinburgh | Aug 5, 2021
When you’re writing an essay or assignment, you need to use every trick in the book to maximise your marks. And one of the best tools for radically improving your writing is the power of connective words .
Used correctly, connective words can give your writing new depth and meaning, improve readability (important for your examiner!) and demonstrate the logic of your arguments.
Luckily for you, we’ve got plenty of categories, definitions and connectives examples to help you get started…
Psst – this article uses loads of connectives. See if you can spot them in use: we’ve italicised the best examples!
What are connective words?
Simply put, connectives are words – or phrases – that link parts of your writing together.
You’re probably familiar with the most common connective words: and, as, because, but, if, or, so . In fact, I’ve used a few of them already – did you spot them?
Don’t limit your essay writing to the basics though, because there are hundreds of connectives that can help you to demonstrate different ideas, such as cause and effect , or the chronology of events .
We’re going to explore ten types of connectives below, but first , here’s a quick refresher on the grammar behind connective words:
Definitions: The grammatical bit
Understanding the grammar behind your writing might not be your thing – but bear with me, because remembering these six definitions will help you know which connective to use when, and where to place them!
(If you’re just looking for examples of connectives, feel free to skip straight past this bit!)
Connectives fall into three grammatical categories: conjunctions, prepositions, and adverbs.
- For example: and, but, for, or, yet .
- Today , I finished my history assignment but forgot to workout .
- Such as: at, in, of, on, under .
- I need to finish the conclusion of my essay before I go to dinner.
- For instance: upwards, quickly, fortunately .
- My deadline is tomorrow. Fortunately , I proofread my thesis chapter already .
Using adverb and preposition connective words adds specific meaning – and thus clarity – to your writing. They are particularly useful for successful essay signposting .

Definitions part 2: Connectives in sentences
When using connectives, it’s also important to remember that not all sentences are created equal in importance . And so , when connecting them into longer sentences, different types of connectives create different results:
- For example: I find French tricky but I love learning Spanish.
On the other hand,
- A subordinate clause relies on the main clause to make sense. Therefore, these connectives give information about the relationship between the clauses by specifying an order or place to events, or a cause and effect link.
- Here’s an example: I need to do my homework if I want to get a good grade .
A useful type of subordinating connective for essay writing is the:
- For instance: Firstly , I carried out the experiment, and secondly , I analysed the results.
And that’s your grammar refresh done!
If you’re struggling with essay-writing grammar, a great tool for checking your writing is Grammarly * – we use it at Exam Study Expert because it catches a broad range of mistakes. Their blog is also a great place to learn how to use conjunctions , prepositions , adverbs and more.
How to use connective words
So how do you go about using connectives?
In this section, we’re going to discuss the where, what and how …

Where to add connectives:
As we’ve seen , connective words are often found in the middle of a sentence, joining two clauses. But don’t forget you can also use them at the beginning of a sentence to link two consecutive sentences – OR two ideas within your paragraphs (did you see what I did there?).
Some of your connectives will even be linking entire paragraphs and sections – these are often examples of signposting to guide the reader through your section or argument.
What’s more , many connectives are not just single words but phrases. These connectives are particularly useful for essay writing and academic vocabulary. For example: as well as, for an example of this, for instance, in addition to, on the other hand, such as .
What to use connectives for:
When you’re writing an essay or assignment there are plenty of tasks you need to achieve: presenting evidence, making arguments and more.
Happily, connectives can help you achieve all these tasks by clarifying your meaning. You can use connectives for:
- Reinforcing or emphasising a point
- Exemplifying and showing results
- Comparing and discussing points of view
- Constructing a timeline or sequence of events
- Listing points (and signposting them)
- Explaining your argument
- Drawing together conclusions
It’s a long list! So master using connectives and you’ll drastically improve the readability of your writing across all sections of your essay.
How to add in useful connective words:
You’re probably already using basic connectives in your writing.
But if you want to get serious about the benefits to your grades, make sure you’re systematic about how you add them during your essay construction – and (later) proofreading to check they make sense on a large(r) scale!
From experience, I would suggest that the best method for choosing and adding effective connectives is to:
- Sketch out a rough draft of your paragraph or essay section
- Are they separate arguments for the same thing? Or opposite points of view? Do they follow on logically (cause and effect) or chronologically?
- Mark where you want to add signposting connectives to indicate structure
- Check your examples of connective word types and choose options that convey the meaning you need…
And for that purpose, we’ve compiled four lists of connective words for you – including the TOP 70 connectives for effective essay writing! So read on…
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Types of connective words
So let’s get down to the really useful stuff: examples of connectives you can use in different situations in your essays!
There are three main types of connectives that we’re going to explore in turn:
- Comparative , Causal, and Temporal
Comparative connective words
These helpful words and phrases are perfect both for comparing similarities in data and arguments, and for pointing out their differences and oppositions. Use them to compare, discuss and argue.
When comparing points, you’ll often be adding to your argument, so these connectives are used for “ addition ”. The most common connectives for addition are: and, also, furthermore, moreover .
Here are some examples in practice:
- Leonardo Da Vinci was an artist and inventor, and also an influential Renaissance humanist.
- Exam Study Expert’s psychologist William offers expert one-on-one exam coaching . Furthermore , you can sign up for a free introductory session!
- My empirical data demonstrates that … ; similarly , theoretical models projected …
On the other hand , you might need to demonstrate and contrast your argument with the opposing point of view with a connective for “ opposition ”. The most commonly used are: alternatively, except, however, unless .

These examples all demonstrate opposition:
- Winston Churchill is best known for his wartime leadership of the United Kingdom, yet he was already in his 60’s when he took office.
- Some students find great study motivation from starting the day with their hardest task. In contrast , others find getting the ball rolling with smaller tasks more effective.
- Our first questionnaire was comprised of six questions. However , for our second questionnaire we …
Causal connective words
Causal connectives are effective for discussing cause and effect – relationships that have logical links that you want to point out and prove.
As such , academic writing is often full of causal connectives, and many of them demonstrate a very academic vocabulary (great for bonus points in your assignment!).
Most essays and assignments have a section (or several sections!) where you need to draw together your facts, ideas and arguments and point out the connections. These are the connectives to turn to at those moments!
The most commonly used are: as such, as a result (of), because, consequently, therefore, thus .

Here are some examples:
- The brains of London taxi drivers have a larger than usual area that deals with memory because they are required to memorise and navigate thousands of streets.
- Flashcards are a highly effective learning and memory tool, provided that you use them correctly.
- This study surveyed over 3,000 students. As a result , we were able to …
Temporal connective words
Whether you’re explaining the sequence of events that led to a historical battle, or demonstrating the steps in your experiment, temporal connectives are a highly valuable tool.
They’re all about discussing time and the chronology of events – what happened before, during and after . Therefore , they make for great signposting words too!

These examples explore each of the four sections in our temporal connectives lists:
- The law of gravity was not widely understood until it was mathematically formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687.
- If you’re stressed about your exams, mindful meditation can be a great help. At the same time ,an inspirational quote might give you the boost you need!
- Initially , the experiment was expected to demonstrate … Eventually , we came to the conclusion that …
The TOP 70 connective words for effective essay writing!
To make sure that you’ve got the tools you need to improve your grades, we’ve compiled this epic list of all the best connectives to use in academic writing.
This is just a selection from the hundreds of connective words and phrases available. So there’s no need to make your essay stale by over-using the same one or two!
If there’s nothing else you grab when you’re ticking off Step #4 from the connectives methodology above – make sure you grab this list!
It covers all the stages of essay structuring and writing, from introduction to conclusion . And includes lists of connectives for:
- Signposting and listing
- Comparing and contrasting
- Illustrating your findings
- Demonstrating cause and effect
- Emphasising points
- Qualifying your arguments
We’ve highlighted the best and most commonly used connectives for each section to ensure you’ve got THE best resource to improve the quality of your essay immediately.

To finish off , here are some examples to get your essay-writing inspiration flowing:
- Firstly , it is well-known that retrieval practice is an effective learning method as compared with re-reading study texts and notes.
- I’m feeling tired tonight. Nevertheless , I must finish my homework and I want to take the dog for a walk.
- When it comes to …, however , there are several effective methods to …, in particular , …
Good luck with your essay!
Now you’ve mastered adding effective connective words to your essay you’re ready for the next step. Be sure to check out our guide on proofreading your assignment before you hand it in. Good luck!
And for more expert, science-backed study resources, sign up to the Exam Study Expert newsletter right here:
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- How to write an argumentative essay | Examples & tips
How to Write an Argumentative Essay | Examples & Tips
Published on July 24, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 6, 2021.
An argumentative essay expresses an extended argument for a particular thesis statement . The author takes a clearly defined stance on their subject and builds up an evidence-based case for it.
Table of contents
When do you write an argumentative essay, approaches to argumentative essays, introducing your argument, the body: developing your argument, concluding your argument, frequently asked questions about argumentative essays.
You might be assigned an argumentative essay as a writing exercise in high school or in a composition class. The prompt will often ask you to argue for one of two positions, and may include terms like “argue” or “argument.” It will frequently take the form of a question.
The prompt may also be more open-ended in terms of the possible arguments you could make.
Argumentative writing at college level
At university, the vast majority of essays or papers you write will involve some form of argumentation. For example, both rhetorical analysis and literary analysis essays involve making arguments about texts.
In this context, you won’t necessarily be told to write an argumentative essay—but making an evidence-based argument is an essential goal of most academic writing, and this should be your default approach unless you’re told otherwise.
Examples of argumentative essay prompts
At a university level, all the prompts below imply an argumentative essay as the appropriate response.
Your research should lead you to develop a specific position on the topic. The essay then argues for that position and aims to convince the reader by presenting your evidence, evaluation and analysis.
- Don’t just list all the effects you can think of.
- Do develop a focused argument about the overall effect and why it matters, backed up by evidence from sources.
- Don’t just provide a selection of data on the measures’ effectiveness.
- Do build up your own argument about which kinds of measures have been most or least effective, and why.
- Don’t just analyze a random selection of doppelgänger characters.
- Do form an argument about specific texts, comparing and contrasting how they express their thematic concerns through doppelgänger characters.
An argumentative essay should be objective in its approach; your arguments should rely on logic and evidence, not on exaggeration or appeals to emotion.
There are many possible approaches to argumentative essays, but there are two common models that can help you start outlining your arguments: The Toulmin model and the Rogerian model.
Toulmin arguments
The Toulmin model consists of four steps, which may be repeated as many times as necessary for the argument:
- Make a claim
- Provide the grounds (evidence) for the claim
- Explain the warrant (how the grounds support the claim)
- Discuss possible rebuttals to the claim, identifying the limits of the argument and showing that you have considered alternative perspectives
The Toulmin model is a common approach in academic essays. You don’t have to use these specific terms (grounds, warrants, rebuttals), but establishing a clear connection between your claims and the evidence supporting them is crucial in an argumentative essay.
Say you’re making an argument about the effectiveness of workplace anti-discrimination measures. You might:
- Claim that unconscious bias training does not have the desired results, and resources would be better spent on other approaches
- Cite data to support your claim
- Explain how the data indicates that the method is ineffective
- Anticipate objections to your claim based on other data, indicating whether these objections are valid, and if not, why not.
Rogerian arguments
The Rogerian model also consists of four steps you might repeat throughout your essay:
- Discuss what the opposing position gets right and why people might hold this position
- Highlight the problems with this position
- Present your own position , showing how it addresses these problems
- Suggest a possible compromise —what elements of your position would proponents of the opposing position benefit from adopting?
This model builds up a clear picture of both sides of an argument and seeks a compromise. It is particularly useful when people tend to disagree strongly on the issue discussed, allowing you to approach opposing arguments in good faith.
Say you want to argue that the internet has had a positive impact on education. You might:
- Acknowledge that students rely too much on websites like Wikipedia
- Argue that teachers view Wikipedia as more unreliable than it really is
- Suggest that Wikipedia’s system of citations can actually teach students about referencing
- Suggest critical engagement with Wikipedia as a possible assignment for teachers who are skeptical of its usefulness.
You don’t necessarily have to pick one of these models—you may even use elements of both in different parts of your essay—but it’s worth considering them if you struggle to structure your arguments.
Regardless of which approach you take, your essay should always be structured using an introduction , a body , and a conclusion .
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See an example

Like other academic essays, an argumentative essay begins with an introduction . The introduction serves to capture the reader’s interest, provide background information, present your thesis statement , and (in longer essays) to summarize the structure of the body.
Hover over different parts of the example below to see how a typical introduction works.
The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts is on the rise, and its role in learning is hotly debated. For many teachers who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its critical benefits for students and educators—as a uniquely comprehensive and accessible information source; a means of exposure to and engagement with different perspectives; and a highly flexible learning environment.
The body of an argumentative essay is where you develop your arguments in detail. Here you’ll present evidence, analysis, and reasoning to convince the reader that your thesis statement is true.
In the standard five-paragraph format for short essays, the body takes up three of your five paragraphs. In longer essays, it will be more paragraphs, and might be divided into sections with headings.
Each paragraph covers its own topic, introduced with a topic sentence . Each of these topics must contribute to your overall argument; don’t include irrelevant information.
This example paragraph takes a Rogerian approach: It first acknowledges the merits of the opposing position and then highlights problems with that position.
Hover over different parts of the example to see how a body paragraph is constructed.
A common frustration for teachers is students’ use of Wikipedia as a source in their writing. Its prevalence among students is not exaggerated; a survey found that the vast majority of the students surveyed used Wikipedia (Head & Eisenberg, 2010). An article in The Guardian stresses a common objection to its use: “a reliance on Wikipedia can discourage students from engaging with genuine academic writing” (Coomer, 2013). Teachers are clearly not mistaken in viewing Wikipedia usage as ubiquitous among their students; but the claim that it discourages engagement with academic sources requires further investigation. This point is treated as self-evident by many teachers, but Wikipedia itself explicitly encourages students to look into other sources. Its articles often provide references to academic publications and include warning notes where citations are missing; the site’s own guidelines for research make clear that it should be used as a starting point, emphasizing that users should always “read the references and check whether they really do support what the article says” (“Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia,” 2020). Indeed, for many students, Wikipedia is their first encounter with the concepts of citation and referencing. The use of Wikipedia therefore has a positive side that merits deeper consideration than it often receives.
An argumentative essay ends with a conclusion that summarizes and reflects on the arguments made in the body.
No new arguments or evidence appear here, but in longer essays you may discuss the strengths and weaknesses of your argument and suggest topics for future research. In all conclusions, you should stress the relevance and importance of your argument.
Hover over the following example to see the typical elements of a conclusion.
The internet has had a major positive impact on the world of education; occasional pitfalls aside, its value is evident in numerous applications. The future of teaching lies in the possibilities the internet opens up for communication, research, and interactivity. As the popularity of distance learning shows, students value the flexibility and accessibility offered by digital education, and educators should fully embrace these advantages. The internet’s dangers, real and imaginary, have been documented exhaustively by skeptics, but the internet is here to stay; it is time to focus seriously on its potential for good.
An argumentative essay tends to be a longer essay involving independent research, and aims to make an original argument about a topic. Its thesis statement makes a contentious claim that must be supported in an objective, evidence-based way.
An expository essay also aims to be objective, but it doesn’t have to make an original argument. Rather, it aims to explain something (e.g., a process or idea) in a clear, concise way. Expository essays are often shorter assignments and rely less on research.
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).
Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .
The majority of the essays written at university are some sort of argumentative essay . Unless otherwise specified, you can assume that the goal of any essay you’re asked to write is argumentative: To convince the reader of your position using evidence and reasoning.
In composition classes you might be given assignments that specifically test your ability to write an argumentative essay. Look out for prompts including instructions like “argue,” “assess,” or “discuss” to see if this is the goal.
Cite this Scribbr article
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Caulfield, J. (2021, December 06). How to Write an Argumentative Essay | Examples & Tips. Scribbr. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/argumentative-essay/
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50 Persuasive Examples of Essay Connectives In Use Today
Essay connectors are words or phrases used to show the logical relationship between the points. They help to achieve an essay flow – preventing the essay from appearing as a loose collection of points, among which the reader ‘jumps about’ randomly. An article without essay connectives may lead to a disconnect of the reader from what the writer intended.
Connectives to use in an essay are carefully assembled and creatively applied to achieve a top-notch piece. The writer should ensure that the sentences make sense to him/her first before settling on special connectors for essays.
In the following extensive paragraphs, we are going to explore some of these top connective words and phrases. Where possible, a sentence example may be added for each connector to give you an idea of how to use the connectives in speech.
Connectors Showing Reason and Cause
They are used when justifying why an action or an event seemed possible or appropriate. Some of the top connector words for reason or cause include:
- Consequently
- As a result
- Seeing that
- On account of
- Accordingly
- It suggests that
- It follows that
- For this reason
Example in a Sentence: Because of the government directive, we decided to stay at home.
Connective Words for Adding Information
When writing your essay, you can use such paragraph connectors to emphasize a point. The following are some top-class connectives used to add information.
- For example
- To illustrate
- First, second and third
- For instance
Model in a Sentence: Apart from washing hands, we can prevent Corona Virus by using a face mask and social distancing.
Connectives for Succession
One can use these transitions for essays when showing the progression of actions or events. They include the following:
- First of all / firstly
- To begin with
- Second / Secondly
- Third / Thirdly
- The next stage
Example in a Sentence: To begin with, you have to get your hands, then apply soap, wash for at least 20 seconds and finally dry your hands.
Showing Comparison and Contrast
Connectives in speech used here show either differences or similarities expressed in a particular essay. Examples include:
- Alternatively
- In contrast
- Nevertheless
- On the other hand
- On the contrary
- All the same
Model in a Sentence: Although he stayed indoors, he still contracted the dreaded COVID-19 and died.
Connectives for Expressing Personal Opinion
These are essay connectives used to show a personal view or attitude towards a particular subject. They include:
- According to my understanding
- As far as I am concerned
- I think that
- in my opinion
- To tell the truth
- It is true that
- To be honest
- From my point of view
Example in a Sentence: As far as I am concerned, wearing a sweater on a cold day may not be practical as wearing a trench coat.
Connectors for Explaining
Such transition words are used when making an essay idea clear to the reader. One may opt to use the following transition words list.
- More or less
- In other words:
- On the whole
- To a certain extent
- Essentially
- In particular
Example in a sentence: Basically, different types of face masks need a doctor’s authorization before use.
Summarizing Essay Connectors
They are used to mark the conclusion of your essay. The readers can ascertain the finality in your article when such a summarizing connector is used. They include:
- In conclusion
Connective words ensure clarity and conciseness as much as possible. It can only be achieved when the right words are used to convey your argument.
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- Aware of your reader
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- Essay components: the introduction
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- What is the nature and purpose of Part I?
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A good plan will not only help you to make decisions about what material to include and in what order, but will also aid in developing the logical links that form your argument. Once you have assembled your material, this technique provides a way of thinking about the logical order in a way that you can then articulate clearly in your writing. Unless the links are clear to you as writer, and to your reader, the essay will not 'flow' - that is, it might appear as a loose collection of points, among which the reader 'jumps about' randomly.
Step one: Assemble your material
The first step, assembling your material, can be done however best suits your working preferences, whether you prefer to use mindmaps, bulletpoints or quotations from primary material. This technique is best used at a later stage of the essay writing process, and can be combined with one of the other strategies for earlier stages of developing your points.
As you will be working with the order of your ideas, it might be helpful, when collating your material, to do so in a flexible format, whether using a word processor, small whiteboard, post-it notes or postcards.
Step two: Using connectives
Once you have assembled your points, try and arrange them in an order which feels that it makes sense to you. Once you have done so, experiment with connective words and phrases to express the logical relationship between the points. There are different types of relationship between points that combine to make up an argument, and various synonyms for expressing them, for example:
Adding similar points or going into more detail:
- also, moreover, in addition, furthermore, similarly, additionally, likewise, for instance, this
Sequencing points:
- firstly, secondly, thirdly, initially, finally, next
Contrasting points:
- however, yet, in contrast, but, although, alternatively, on the other hand, conversely, despite
Giving causes, reasons or results:
- accordingly, thus, therefore, as a result, because, due to, consequently, hence
If you find that you are using connective words and phrases that predominantly express the relationship of addition (and, moreover, in addition etc) then it may be that your argument is not as complex or well-developed as it could be.
You could also use this technique when editing a draft for structure - check each paragraph (especially the first couple of sentences) and experiment with different connective phrases to see what the link between them is, and then whether your writing reflects this. Ultimately, the connective words will become embedded in your writing to signal your structure. See the later section on Communicating your structure effectively for more guidance.
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Connectives List

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Reading skills, major exams, writing & vocab.

Writing: flow and coherence

Making your essays clearer
Improve your work and make your assignments easier to understand with clear writing.
Writing clearly and structuring your assignments can help make your work clearer and improve your grades.
Writing clearly involves using good sentence structure and using connectives to link your ideas. Using connectives properly makes your work easy to read and understand, but using them unnecessarily can confuse readers.
Language choices
Different assignments in your degree may need different styles and encourage different word choices. Your university assignments will usually use an academic and formal style. You should choose your words carefully to demonstrate your point clearly and succinctly.
Tips to improve word choices in your writing:
- learn your subject’s technical and theoretical terms – this won't happen overnight and will continue throughout your degree
- don't use fancy words and phrases just to sound more academic – make sure you understand a word or phrase and how to use it first
- avoid using a thesaurus – there are very few exact synonyms in English and some terms have very specific meanings in particular fields (particularly for technical and theoretical terms)
Connectives and transition signals
Connectives link sentences, phrases and ideas in your writing to guide your reader through your work. Transition terms are a type of connective that specifically indicates some kind of change or development.
Connectives can demonstrate your analysis and criticality, the flow of your work, the development of your material, or a different angle or change in direction.
Connective examples:
- The first claim, [topic] can be explained by…..
- For example...
- However; in contrast; on the other hand...
- Nonetheless; despite this; although...
- In addition; furthermore...
- Therefore; consequently; as a result...
- Similarly...
Appropriate assertion
Avoid stating that something is 'definite' in your work because you probably can't explore all potential outcomes of the statement in your essay. Use academic caution to suggest conclusions in your writing, and avoid terms like 'obviously', 'undeniably', 'certainly' and 'definitely' (unless you're quoting someone else).
Instead of using casual terms like 'surely' or 'everybody knows', you should use phrases like 'It is common knowledge' or 'It is generally accepted...'.
You could use these phrases:
- This shows...
- It is evident that...
- It is therefore possible to conclude that...
- The argument strongly suggests that...
- This is supported by...
- This demonstrates...
Cautious language
Academic caution is about not making absolute statements of fact.
Example of cautious language:
- Seems to; tends to; looks like; appears to show; indicates; could be seen as...
- Thinks; assumes; believes; suggests...
- May; might; could; perhaps...
- Probably; possibly; perhaps; conceivably...
Challenging arguments
You can express doubt about or challenge your evidence, an argument, or a claim in your resources. You can also express doubt about something you've said.
Five examples of phrases to express doubt:
- It is possible that this means...
- This could indicate that...
- The argument is plausible because...
- This claim is debatable because...
- Therefore, it is an implausible argument...
Using evidence
Evidence can come from a range of sources. Your field will have specific requirements and reputable sources. Your evidence could come from data, results, findings, newspapers, databases, documentaries, or sound logical thinking and argument.
Examples of phrases to introduce evidence:
- The evidence shows...
- Table 1 demonstrates...
- Figure 2 indicates...
- According to the results...
- The argument suggests...
- The author implies that...
Remember that writer implies something, and the reader infers something, when making your word choices.
Expressing what comes first or is most important
When you need to highlight a key point in your word you could use phrases like:
- The primary issue...
- The key point...
- The principal argument...
- The main point...
- First, this essay will...
Expressing sequence
Your reader should be ware of where they are in your work. It's easy to lose your place when reading extended writing so you should include some guidance in your assignment. Expressing sequence also demonstrates that you're thinking logically and systematically to present your points or argument, and keeping in touch with how elements relate to each other.
Examples of terms to express sequence:
- Previously...
- Secondly...
- Furthermore...
- Subsequently...
- In addition...
- Moreover...
Expressing finality
Your conclusion will usually summarise the information in your essay. You can use terms like:
- Ultimately...
- In conclusion...
Download our writing flow and coherence revision sheet
Download this page as a PDF for your essay writing notes.

Basic essay structure

Paragraphs main body of an assessment

Writing clear sentences

Table of Contents
Essay Connectors
Did you know that there are many linkers and connectors that will allow you to use the English language more powerfully? Today, we will examine linkers with different meanings and give example sentences established with each linker. In this way, we believe that you can use these linkers much more easily in your essay works.
8 Tips On Writing An Effective Essay , Writing Essay Tips
When you use these connectors, which will give the meaning of contrast to the sentence, one half of the sentence and the other half should contain contradictory and unexpected statements. Let’s examine it on the example.
- In spite of : In spite of studied all night, got a very low score on the exam, and did not pass the class.
- Despite : I waited for you all day and I definitely didn’t start eating before you arrived, despite that it was clear that you didn’t care about me.
- However : The tourism industry in this country is developing more each year; However, the current policies of the new government have raised concerns about these tourism revenues.
- Although : Although these days I feel weak when you called me I got up and got ready and came here.
Reason and Cause
When you use essay connectors indicating the reason and cause in a sentence, two different clauses must be related to each other.
- As : I didn’t come with you today, as I had been working hard for my exams for two days and I was tired.
- Because of : Because of the paper he saw, he felt unhappy, weak, and depressed all day. I wish I could help him on this topic.
- Due to Due to his fight with his wife was not performing enough at work and could not show all his skills.
- Since : Since at the end of this year, my overall average is high, I think I will highlight it in internship applications and get what I want.
You can see that purpose connectors are usually used in sentences with an aim theme that contains information about the reason for any action. These have extremely powerful meanings and make your essay richer.
- For : Who do you think I did all this for? Of course, I did it all for you!
- In order to : When I went to the market today, I stopped by the sandwich shop in order to take something to you.
- In order not to : In order not to late this much, I woke up early in the morning and took care of my work while everyone was sleeping.
- So that : I worked all day today so that I don’t have to work tomorrow at all.
- So as to : When I came to class yesterday, I gave my students the essay exam so as to that I could take two exams next week and complete the grading process in a short time.
- So as not to : So as not to fight with my husband, I finished what he said before I got home.
When we are lining up information in a sentence or paragraph or trying to pass an event stream to the reader, we often need to use succession specifiers among the essay connectors. For this, we have the chance to benefit from the following alternatives:
- First of all : First of all, all of these things meant something to me, but it wasn’t enough.
- The next stage : So, the next stage is ready: From now on, he can finish our project without anyone’s help.
- In short : Now you know all of this, in short, you got through your journeyman period and entered the master period.
- In conclusion : When you consider all the above information, in conclusion, the basis of scientific knowledge is always experiments.
Paragraphs that indicate result in any subject can usually indicate cause and effect.
- As a result of As a result of her beauty, everyone at the prom suddenly fell in love with her.
- Therefore : I worked all day today to get your chores done; Therefore, you have no right to be angry with me for coming to this party late.
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Conjunctions, Definitions and Example Sentences

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About the author.
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- Academic Skills
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Connecting ideas in writing
Suggestions for connecting ideas at the sentence and paragraph level in academic writing.
In academic writing, it is important to present an argument clearly and cohesively. In addition, you may be required to discuss and evaluate existing research or ideas about the topic under discussion. Often you will be assessed on your ability to do both. Developing the language to connect ideas in academic writing will help you with both these tasks. The appropriate use of ‘discourse markers,’ that is, words or phrases that signal a relationship, can reveal and reinforce the direction that your argument is taking, and make clear the relations between sections of your writing.
Here we provide suggestions for sentence openers, ‘linking words’ within sentences and between paragraphs, and alternative vocabulary choices you might use when connecting ideas in writing.
Connectives used in and between sentences
Connectives allow us to be more precise about the relationships between statements in a sentence or between sentences. Particular phrases and words serve different functions in connecting ideas and arguments. For example, different clauses or words can signal or ‘signpost’ additional or similar information, opposition or contrast, concession, cause or effect, emphasis, clarification, or a relationship in time or sequence. Some useful examples of each are categorised by function below.
Note that most of these terms can also be used to start new paragraphs. However, some of them need to be incorporated into fuller sentences to be effective as paragraph openers. For example, if you use notwithstanding as a paragraph opener you may have to add other content words to provide more information such as “Nothwithstanding a lack of natural resources, the region has…”
Additionally, and, also, apart from this, as well (as), in addition, moreover, further, furthermore.
If, in that case, provided that, unless.
Correspondingly, equally, for the same reason, in a similar manner, in comparison, in the same way, on the one hand, similarly.
Alternatively, although, but, conversely, despite, even so, even though, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, on the contrary, contrary to, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, on the other hand, rather, still, though, yet, whereas, while.
Again, in fact, interestingly, indeed, it should be noted (that), more important(ly), most importantly, to repeat, (un)fortunately, unquestionably.
A further instance of this is..., an example of this is…, for example, for instance, such as, thus, as follows.
In other words, more simply, namely, simply put, to put it differently / another way, such as, that is.
A / the consequence of, because, due to, for, the effect of …, since, the result of …
Accordingly, as a result/consequence, consequently, for this reason, hence, so, therefore, thus.
Admittedly, although, clearly though, even though, however, indeed, obviously.
As a rule, for the most part, generally, in general, in most cases, normally, on the whole, usually.
First, second, third (etc), next, before, earlier, finally, following, given the above, later, meanwhile, subsequently, then, to conclude, while.
A note about presentation and style
Check a usage guide for exact rules for punctuation. Many introductory phrases have a comma after them. For example, 'therefore,' and 'in addition,'.
Connecting paragraphs
Apart from using the linking words / phrases above, showing the link between paragraphs could involve writing ‘hand-holding’ sentences. These are sentences that link back to the ideas of the previous paragraph. For instance, when outlining the positive and negative issues about a topic you could use the following:
Example (from beginning of previous paragraph):
- One of the main advantages of X is…
When you are ready to move your discussion to the negative issues, you could write one of the following as a paragraph opener:
- Having considered the positive effects of X, negative issues may now need to be taken into account…
- Despite the positive effects outlined above, negative issues also need to be considered...
It is always important to make paragraphs part of a coherent whole text; they must not remain isolated units.
Checking for paragraph links in your own work
When you are editing your next written assignment, ask yourself the following questions as you read through your work (Gillett, Hammond, & Martala, 2009):
- Does the start of my paragraph give my reader enough information about what the paragraph will be about?
- Does my paragraph add to or elaborate on a point made previously and, if so, have I made this explicit with an appropriate linking word / phrase?
- Does my paragraph introduce a completely new point or a different viewpoint to before and, if so, have I explicitly shown this with a suitable connective?
- Have I used similar connectives repeatedly? If yes, try to vary them using the above list.
Related resources
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- Online learning module
Building good paragraphs
Understand paragraph structure, cohesion and coherence, and other elements that assist you to produce well-developed academic paragraphs.
Using sources in assessments: voice in academic writing
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Argumentative essays.
Argumentative Essays – Tips & Tricks
- Read the topic carefully. Underline the main point of the topic (such as Politics).
- Decide ‘for’ or ‘against’ (i.e. are you in favour or against?).
- Jot down all the RELEVANT & LOGICAL points related to your opinion. Spend 5-10 minutes doing this in the form of notes. No emotional reasons should be included. As we say in Urdu, don’t be “ jazbaati “.
- Starting – No quotes are needed; some books/resources will tell you to state your opinion at the start or by the end. In the paper, state it at the BEGINNING of your essay, most preferably in the opening paragraph.
- Ease into the topic then generally give your opinion. For example: “The trend of social media has greatly increased over the last four years. Nowadays, it has become a necessity for teenagers. I personally believe ……..”
- Start directly by exclaiming a valid point and giving your opinion. “Social Media, recently, has had a great negative/positive impact on teenagers. My personal opinion is that ……..”
- General “For” Argument – Include all valid points that are logical and EMPHASIZE on them – All points must be in favour of your opinion and they should be your STRONGEST points.
- Counter Argument – Pick out you’re strongest counter arguments and state them. Be completely logical and honest when pointing the counter arguments. The reason for this is that if you’re writing in favour, someone else will write against. You have to give both sides of the argument and prove yourself right.
- Disputing Counter Arguments – After writing the counter arguments, you must dispute them and prove them to be either wrong or not STRONG enough to win the argument. Here’s an example:
A counter argument could be “ Social media is required for teenagers, it forms a platform for conversations, discussions and sharing valued information “.
Disputing this counter argument “ Although it does provide a medium for communication, teenagers waste most of their precious time in procrastinating since they needlessly read comics/have useless discussions. Social media is one of main reasons why teenagers procrastinate. “
You can also add the fact that other mediums of communication such as e-mail, messaging are also available.
- Conclude your essay by restating your opinion in a different perspective, i.e. you could say, “Other resources of communication should be adopted such as messaging and teenagers should be encouraged to have outdoor activities rather than sit home and stick their heads to the computers.”
- After disputing you’re counter arguments – finish on a high by adding a strong ending sentence to conclude your essay. For example “Hence all these points show that Social media is indeed an unnecessary part of life which has been forcibly indulged into the life of teenagers.”
- You’re not listing points or stating your opinion. You’re trying to CONVINCE the examiner that you’re opinion is correct using LOGICAL points.
- Don’t get emotional and carried away over the course of your writing. Don’t be prejudiced.
- DO NOT EMPHASIZE TOO MUCH ON VOCABULARY. Sentence structures, punctuation, tenses are all equally as important as vocabulary. Don’t forcibly use strong words if you don’t know their correct usage.
- You’re not making a list of your points. Don’t use “firstly, secondly, thirdly and finally”. Remember, you’re language is being tested. Use good expressions and connectives such as “Furthermore, In addition to this”.
http://www.slideshare.net/englishbites/useful-argumentative-essay-words-and-phrases
Here is a great website concerning words and expressions. Do read it.
Difference b/w Discursive and Argumentative Essays:
In Discursive essays, you present a balanced argument that contains ‘for’ and ‘against’ points. You do not state your opinion.
In Argumentative, you give your opinion and convince the reader on your point of view.
Example Argumentative Essay:
Some people say that the Internet does more harm than good. What is your view? To majority of teenagers and working adults, the Internet has been regarded as one the most innovative achievements of humankind. Since the invention of the internet, its pervasive and life-altering influences can be felt in many aspects of people’s daily lives. While mostly beneficial in areas such as communication, trade and research, the internet has also caused a proliferation of vices such as pornography and hacking. Despite the negativity associated with the internet, I strongly believe that Internet does more good than harm.
Communication all over the world has been considerably improved thanks to the Internet. With the widespread availability of messengers and social networks like Yahoo and Facebook, people can easily communicate irrespective of their geographic locations. Gone are the days when international communication meant a delay of several days to months. Today, interaction through the Internet is not only much cheaper and more convenient than traditional modes of communication, it also has options to allow face to face interaction such as through the use of Skype. Now, family members and businesses can not only have instantaneous communication, they can also have the added personal touch even if they are in different continents or in any remote part of the world.
The Internet is one of the key contributors to the global free trade. When the transnational corporations want to open business in the other countries, they first have to contact partners in those countries before officially making a deal. In such case, the Internet certainly does a great job. Furthermore, the internet is instrumental in reducing operation costs for businesses where employees can be easily hired from developing countries and work remotely from their native land. For example, many transnational companies set up call centres in countries like Philippines or India where workers are cheaper to employ. The same benefits are applied to people’s daily lives. With the omnipresence of online shops, many people are able to save their precious time shopping. Instead, they have more time to do other important things such as helping their children do homework or having a short visit to their parents’ house.
On the other hand, objectors of the Internet argue that it spoils the young generation by spreading pornography and violence, which is considered rampant nowadays. There is no doubt that pornographic websites and violence videos are ubiquitous online, but whether the young is spoilt by it depends on the young themselves. Owing to the continual warning of using the Internet on many cyber education programs, the youths are supposed to know about all the boon and bane effect of surfing webs. Thus, once they have heightened awareness, there is likelihood that they will not be attacked by cyber hackers. Moreover there is a variety of information for their researches on line. Instead of spending hours of flipping over hundreds of books in the libraries, one may easily obtain necessary documentation within a second of mouse click.
Similar to any other technological inventions, the Internet has both pros and cons; nonetheless, its benefits far outweigh its harms. With recent upgrading Internet security software and substantial improvements on its use, I am firmly convinced the Internet is more a blessing than a curse.
Here are some pointers from the IGCSE Examiner Tips:
- Be clear about the difference between an argumentative and a discursive essay. When asked directly to give your own opinion you should commit yourself to a line of argument. When asked to give a range of possible views then you are being discursive and may or may not choose to say what you personally believe.
- Mention counter arguments – and dispute them. A strong argument includes refutation of the other point of view. This way you can show that you are not being purely ignorant or prejudiced in your response. It is important to show balance in presenting the argument.
- If you are having difficulty finding enough points to support your stance you should consider arguing the opposite view – it might be easier!
- Aim for an effective introduction which captures attention and makes the topic and context clear
- You should end on the side you are arguing for structure your essay so that you deal with the other side first and end strongly to clinch your argument with a final convincing point . Do not repeat yourself – ‘To sum up’ and ‘In conclusion’ are not strong endings as you won’t be saying anything new to convince your reader.
- It is generally advisable to argue your own personal viewpoint as it is likely to sound more convincing. It is however, possible, to argue effectively for or against an argument which you have never considered before, provided that you can marshal some evidence from the media, facts, statistics and experience. These are the areas from which you draw your supporting detail and illustration.
- Do not get too passionate about the topic as this will make your essay sound too emotional and subjective, and therefore less persuasive.
- Sometimes there is a single word in the question which alters the emphasis of the argument, for instance the word ‘compulsory’. Make sure you pay attention to the key words in questions when you are planning and answering – it is worth underlining key words to remind you.
- Try using personal pronouns – ‘I’, ‘you’ and ‘we’ can make your argument seem more authentic and inclusive.
- Do not start each paragraph with a numbered point- firstly, secondly, thirdly and so on- as this can get tedious for the reader and sound quite artificial if the ideas are not in fact sequential. Use other paragraph linking words, the ones which show whether your argument is continuing in the same direction (e.g. ‘furthermore’, ‘in addition’) or changing direction (e.g. ‘nevertheless’, ‘on the other hand’). The key is to make sure that your argument is “building” as you go. Use your connectives to help you take your reader with you so that they can follow your train of thought all the way through.
- Three-point structures (sometimes called tricolons) can sound authoritative, e.g. ‘involving the learners, the teachers and the parent’. More than three of anything becomes a list; fewer lacks persuasive impact and overuse of tricolons is rarely effective.
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how do you differentiate between the two topics?
I have only one confusion that at the end of all 3 body paragraphs we are supposed to write a counterargument or only in the last body paragraph?
It is often looked upon, that “reflective writing” contains, opinions, on a specific topic, while argumentative contains “real solid ‘arguments’ “, that is you argue on a specific idea, generally a stereotype. That being said, the sample provided, concludes, upon argumentative, and reflective, if the two aren’t to be referred to as one “body”, while referring to the sample. Accordingly, should it be then taken up from this, that argumentative can allow, opinions, perhaps that reflective sums up to the creative writing, partially?
It is just awesome Sir/Ma’am. It is really helpful. Even though it is good but I have a confusion, I have researched from different websites but no one has talked about the word limit and that how much words should be in one paragraph. It would be so nice of you if you can answer this question. Looking forward for your reply. Again it is a superb work piece. Thank you !
There is no set limit for the number of words in a particular paragraph. The word limit for the entire essay is mentioned in the question prompt — try to adhere to that given word limit and make sure that paragraphs are of almost uniform length.
I hope this answers your question.
Respected Sir/Maam I have a question that do the word limit matters?? like if it is 300 to 450 than is it compulsory to write in between them and also what if we cross the words limit..?? will our marks be deducted?? or does it matters to take care of this?? I shall be very thankful to you ….. Thanks for the entire essay writing tips…
1. Intro 2. For 3. For 4 .against and refute. 5. Conclusion Why is there two “for” para. ? This is the only doubt i have.
Hi! I am definitely not that good or capable to reply you’er question but in my point of view I think we write 5 paragraphs from which,
1.Intro 2.Now it depends that are you going for the topic or against it. For example if you want to go against the topic so you will write 2nd and 3rd para for against points and vice versa. 3.Again if you go with against so you will write this para accordingly. 4.According to the example I have given we will write “f or ” the topic whatever it is. 5.Conclusion. I hope this was helpful. I explained it in the simplest words I could.
u will be given a choice of 3 which r argumentative, narative or, descriptive
If I would write this in my exams…I will get at least 19/20 by the ICSE Examiner…Lol
dear your sentence structure is not correct.
Exquisitely explained!
Commendable effort👍
This is really helpful..
how do I know from the question if I should write openion or argumentative essay
Good question, Answer: it will ask to state your opinion and there must be two sides, this would give you the judgement to chosse argumentative essay or writing atleast what im aware of doing 511 english as second lang. IGCSE CAIE, to test this view cheack the past papers of your subject code whether 500 first lang. Or whatever cheack the past papers avalable to test this view, normally multiple past papers
but can you tell me that what is the correct way of writing an Argumentative essay that what should be the best way to give a better starting and ending??

How to Write a Standout Argumentative Essay
An argumentative essay is a piece of writing that uses factual evidence and logical support to convince the reader of a certain way of thinking. Although many types of essays aim at persuading the reader to believe a specific point of view, argumentative essays rely heavily on hard evidence, drawing on other studies and sources to prove their argument is best.
Don’t let the name fool you: Argumentative essays don’t have to be aggressive or combative. Rather, it gets its name from the style of arguing, whereby the writer presents sufficient research to both support their own claim and invalidate opposing perspectives. When you’re writing an argumentative essay, remember that the goal is to show that your thesis is the only logical conclusion.
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Argumentative essays are only as good as their argument, and structuring good arguments requires a little more than just being stubborn (even if it helps!). Below, we run through the most useful techniques for writing the perfect argumentative essay. But don’t take our word for it—our evidence speaks for itself!
What is an argumentative essay?
Like persuasive essays and other types of essays , the point of argumentative essays is to convince the reader of a particular point of view. What makes an essay argumentative is the method of convincing: An argumentative essay uses fact-based evidence and unquestionable logic to prove that its thesis is true.
Persuasive essays do this, too, but tend to be more emotional and less formal . Argumentative essays focus more on concrete empirical data, whereas persuasive essays appeal more to the reader’s emotions. In other words, argumentative essays favor quantitative support, while persuasive essays favor qualitative support.
Likewise, it’s easy to confuse argumentative essays with expository essays , which rely heavily on fact-based evidence and copious research. The main difference is bias : Argumentative essays presume one point of view is correct, whereas expository essays usually present all sides of the argument and leave it to the reader to make up their own mind.
Another distinction of argumentative essays is that the thesis is not obvious . It usually has strong enough opposition to necessitate an explanation of why it’s wrong. For example, “the sky is blue on a sunny day” would be an awful thesis for an argumentative essay. Not only would it be redundant, but also far too simplistic: Your evidence may be “look outside,” and that’d be the end of it!
The idea is that an argumentative essay leaves no doubt that its thesis is accurate, usually by disproving or invalidating opposing theories. That’s why argumentative essays don’t just talk about the writer’s own thesis but discuss other contradicting points of view as well. It’s hard to name one perspective as “true” if you’re ignoring all the others.
Basic argumentative essay structure
Because your entire argumentative essay depends on how well you present your case, your essay structure is crucial. To make matters worse, the structure of argumentative essays is a little more involved than those of other essay types because you also have to address other points of view. This alone leads to even more considerations, like whose argument to address first, and at what point to introduce key evidence.
Let’s start with the most basic argumentative essay structure: the simple five-paragraph format that suits most short essays.
- Your first paragraph is your introduction , which clearly presents your thesis, sets up the rest of the essay, and maybe even adds a little intrigue.
- Your second, third, and fourth paragraphs are your body, where you present your arguments and evidence, as well as refute opposing arguments. Each paragraph should focus on either showcasing one piece of supporting evidence or disproving one contradictory opinion.
- Your fifth and final paragraph is your conclusion , where you revisit your thesis in the context of all preceding evidence and succinctly wrap up everything.
This simple structure serves you well in a pinch, especially for timed essays that are part of a test. However, advanced essays require more detailed structures, especially if they have a length requirement of over five paragraphs.
Advanced argumentative essay structure
Some essays need to support more complicated arguments and more definitive rebuttals than normal. In these cases, the three major formats below should serve your argumentative essay for a variety of needs.
Aristotelian (Classic)
When to use it: making straightforward arguments
The Aristotelian or classic argument is a default structure for a clear argument, more like an extension of the simple five-paragraph structure above. It draws on credibility ( ethos ), emotion ( pathos ), and reasoning ( logos ) to prove its points, all of which can be adapted for virtually any argument. In form, it follows a direct and logical path:
1 Introduce the problem.
2 Explain your perspective.
3 Explain your opponent’s perspective. Refute their points one-by-one as you go.
4 Present your evidence.
5 Conclude your argument.
When to use it: presenting complex issues with no clear truths or when your thesis is a rebuttal or counterargument.
The Toulmin method was developed to analyze arguments themselves, so it makes sense to use it for essays. Because it’s steeped in logic and deep analysis, this approach best suits complicated issues that need unraveling, but also works well for refuting an opposing point of view piece by piece.
In form, it includes six main areas, but you’re free to organize them in whatever order works best for your essay. Keep in mind that your claim can itself be a rebuttal of another argument, so your entire essay could be disproving another thesis rather than presenting your own.
1 Claim: your thesis or argument, stated clearly
2 Reasons: your evidence, including data or generally accepted facts
3 Warrant: the connection between your claim and reasons (requiring you to state assumptions explicitly so there’s no confusion)
4 Backing: additional evidence to support your claim
5 Qualifier: the limits to your own claim, including concessions
6 Rebuttal: addressing opposing viewpoints and criticisms of your claim
When to use it: showing both sides of an argument as valid or when presenting to a mixed audience.
The Rogerian method is simply a middle-ground approach, where you acknowledge the validity of both your thesis and the opposition’s viewpoint. It’s the least confrontational and most respectful, which helps in convincing readers who are naturally biased against your main claim. In form, it follows a five-step structure:
2 Explain your opponent’s perspective first. Validate their points when correct.
3 Explain your perspective.
4 Bring both sides together. Present a middle ground where both viewpoints coexist.
5 Conclude your (balanced) argument.
How to write a good thesis
The thesis, or argument, is the cornerstone of any good essay. If your thesis is weak or full of holes, not even a perfect essay structure can save you.
The thesis itself should be the one takeaway you want your readers to leave with. What are you trying to convince them of, or what do you want them to remember after reading? Knowing this informs all other aspects of writing your essay, including the best structure and format, not to mention which evidence to collect.
For starters, choose a topic you feel strongly about (if it’s not already assigned). It helps if your argument is specific; having a broad or general argument means more facets to examine, which can make for a wordy essay.
It also helps to consider your audience. You don’t always have to tell readers what they want to hear, but their biases should influence how you write your essay, including your wording and how much credit to give the opposition.
Above all, choose a thesis with sufficient evidence. Argumentative essays thrive on factual proof from credible sources, and you don’t want to waste time searching for data that doesn’t exist. If you can’t find enough facts to back up your thesis, maybe you shouldn’t argue that point in the first place.
How to write an argumentative essay: the writing process
Argumentative essays follow the same recommended writing process as other kinds of writing, albeit with more emphasis on researching and preparing. Here’s a brief overview of how to adapt the process for argumentative essays:
1 Brainstorming: If your argument is not provided in the assignment, take some time to think up a good thesis based on our guidelines above.
2 Preparing: This phase is for collecting all the evidence going into your essay, as well as writing an outline . Because proof is key to argumentative essays, set aside ample time for research until you have all the support you need. It’s also a good time to outline your essay, answering questions like when and how to discuss opposing viewpoints.
3 Drafting: Write a rough draft of your essay. It helps to include any data and direct quotes as early as possible, especially with argumentative essays that often cite outside sources.
4 Revising: Polish your rough draft, optimize word choice, and restructure your arguments if necessary. Make sure your language is clear and appropriate for the reader, and double-check that you effectively made all your points and rebuttals.
5 Proofreading : Go through your draft and focus exclusively on fixing mistakes. If you’re not confident in your grammar skills or diction, use Grammarly .
Although optional, it always helps to have a fresh set of eyes on your essays before finalizing it. See if your argument is strong enough to convince your friends!
Argumentative essay writing tips
Our tips for writing better essays apply just as well to argumentative essays as any others, so that’s the best place to start if you’re looking for additional guidance. For tips specific to argumentative essays, try these:
Support your argument with concrete facts
Although similar to persuasive essays, argumentative essays are in some ways the exact opposite. While persuasive essays appeal to the reader’s emotions, argumentative essays appeal to the reader’s reason. That’s why hard facts work best.
Do plenty of research until you have enough data to support each of your main points. Feel free to cite other sources or studies to improve your credibility as well. Try to withhold your personal opinions and feelings as much as possible—let your evidence speak for you.
Be proactive about language
In an argumentative essay, tone and style are more important than you may think, especially if you’re criticizing another person’s perspective. Be respectful when choosing your words and phrasing. Using an aggressive tone reflects worse on the writer than the target, even if rebutting a despicable point of view.
Use aids for style and grammar
Even the smallest typo can derail the most carefully planned argument. The problem is, it’s hard to formulate the best possible argument if you’re distracted by spelling and grammar.
Grammarly finds all of your writing mistakes for you so you can stay focused on what’s important. It even checks your tone and clarity to make sure your true argument always shines through and comes across as intended. See how Grammarly can help your next writing project by downloading it now.

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English tuition years 11-12, persuasive writing sentence openers and connectives for primary level students, why use sentence openers and connectives that persuade when writing persuasive language texts at primary level.
It is important to use sequence words and phrases as sentence openers and connectives that persuade when writing persuasive language texts at primary level to link or connect your sentences, ideas and whole paragraphs together. Connectives (linking words) should be carefully chosen in persuasive writing to make sure your paragraphs are linked logically.
Below is a table of persuasive writing sentence openers and connectives that you can use for primary level English:
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{{item.title}}, my essentials, ask for help, contact edconnect, directory a to z, how to guides, teaching strategies, text structure – connectives and conjunctions.
Cohesion in texts includes the use of connectives and conjunctions and more sophisticated texts effectively use a variety of referring words, substitutions, word associations and text connectives to improve the flow of the writing. It refers to the use of linguistic devices to join sentences together, including conjunctions, reference words, substitution and lexical devices such as repetition of words (or synonyms), collocations and lexical groups.
Students need to connect ideas in logical ways in order to display and build precise factual knowledge, develop their ideas to persuade more convincingly and express more complex relationships in their speech and writing.
Referring words: set up links by referring to sentences or the context that has just been mentioned to maintain continuity and avoid repetition. Other referring words include:
- noun-pronoun chains
- demonstratives: this, that, these, those, there
- interrogative pronouns: who, which, what, whose, whom.
Activities to support the strategy
Activity 1: fill in the gaps.
Note: activity 1 is a prerequisite for activity 2.
Students decide which label bests extends the topic sentence to add further information.
For example:
problem, issue, topic, question, aspect, solution, approach, fact, argument, view, point, situation, position
What do you think of animal rights? That’s quite a big ______________ We are running out of funds. How do you propose to solve the__________? Is there life on other planets? This is a _________ nobody has answered yet. You can do your presentation on any _______ you prefer. Iceland has taken the banks to court. This new ____________ to tackle the crisis is quite unusual.
Activity 2: growing paragraphs using referral words
Students write a sentence about the HSIE or Science content they are currently studying with a partner or small group.
- pollution is increasing.
- we need to control the number of cars in our cities.
- the government has been cutting down on the education budget.
They then match the sentence with a suitable label from the following:
This then allows students to add further information through the use of referral words.
- pollution is increasing. The PROBLEM is getting worse every day.
- do we need to control the number of cars in our cities? This is the biggest ISSUE we face today.
- the government has been cutting down on the education budget. You can’t ignore the FACT that the government has been cutting down on the education budget.
Activity 3 : growing paragraphs using referral words
Discuss words which replace verb, noun groups, and whole clauses using the following examples.
- “so” replaces the clause “you would like one” “Would you like one?”, “Yes I thought so .”
- “did” identifies the past tense and the rest of the verb group “to stick a chicken bone through the bars of the cage” is left out (ellipsed) Gretel told Hansel to stick a chicken bone through the bars of the cage. And he did .
- “one” identifies the number and the rest of the noun group “pieces of fruit” is left out (ellipsed). I've got two pieces of fruit. Do you want one ?
- “so” replaces the clause, “She was sick of cleaning up after them.” She was sick of cleaning up after them. They heard her say so .
Students use the text below or an to draw coloured lines and highlight the noun the referring word replaces:
'To Laurie - at fifteen, transplanted by his parents from the country to the inner suburbs, wandering his new streets, marveling at the unearthly blue of the jacarandas and the fleshiness of the suspended mangoes - the man appeared as a sign. He was going somewhere.
The move to the city had been a success. He felt he should acknowledge his friend, his fellow explorer - just a nod of the head. But he never did'.
Australian curriculum
ACELA1763: Text structure and organisation: Understand that the coherence of more complex texts relies on devices that signal text structure and guide readers, for example overviews, initial and concluding paragraphs and topic sentences, indexes or site maps or breadcrumb trails for online texts.
NSW syllabus
EN4-3B: Outcome 3: uses and describes language forms, features and structures of texts appropriate to a range of purposes, audiences and contexts (EN4-3B) - Understand and apply knowledge of language forms and features: understand that the coherence of more complex texts relies on devices that signal text structure and guide readers, for example overviews, initial and concluding paragraphs and topic sentences, indexes or site maps or breadcrumb trails for online texts.
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Lesson ideas and worksheets to help intermediate and advanced students improve their writing
Are you looking to help ESL students' enhance their writing skills? Check out this collection of resources and unlock the secrets to writing a good essay.
Master linking words
Linking words, connectives and conjunctions Game

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Word lists on opinion and statements and on linking arguments
Master discursive and opinion essays.
EAL/ESL Discursive Writing Unit - Kensuke's Kingdom
Discursive Essay Based on Kensuke's Kingdom
PERSUASIVE/OPINION WRITING: INTERACTIVE NOTEBOOK

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Example sentence. Transition words and phrases. Addition. We found that the mixture was effective. Moreover, it appeared to have additional effects we had not predicted. indeed, furthermore, moreover, additionally, and, also, both x and y, not only x but also y, besides x, in fact. Introduction.
You can use connectives for: Reinforcing or emphasising a point Exemplifying and showing results Comparing and discussing points of view Constructing a timeline or sequence of events Listing points (and signposting them) Explaining your argument Drawing together conclusions It's a long list!
There are many possible approaches to argumentative essays, but there are two common models that can help you start outlining your arguments: The Toulmin model and the Rogerian model. Toulmin arguments The Toulmin model consists of four steps, which may be repeated as many times as necessary for the argument: Make a claim
Connectives for Expressing Personal Opinion These are essay connectives used to show a personal view or attitude towards a particular subject. They include: Personally According to my understanding As far as I am concerned I think that I disagree In my view I agree in my opinion To tell the truth It is true that To be honest From my point of view
Clarity of language 1: Plain English, not Essayese Clarity of language 2: Word choice Clarity of structure An essay is an argument Other people's ideas and you Sweeping points, not specific generalisations Quotations and examples Beginnings Endings References and bibliography After the essay Divinity - Exam writing Divinity - Exam writing overview
Connectives connect and relate sentences and paragraphs. They assist in the logical flow of ideas as they signal the relationship between sentences and paragraphs. In prose, the material is supported and conditioned not only by the ordering of the material (its position) but by connectives which signal order, relationship and movement.
Connectives can demonstrate your analysis and criticality, the flow of your work, the development of your material, or a different angle or change in direction. Connective examples: The first claim, [topic] can be explained by….. For example... However; in contrast; on the other hand... Nonetheless; despite this; although...
To avoid losing the attention of your audience you ought to try and link your paragraphs together so that it follows and rational flow of ideas and you can magnify the effect of your argument. ♦ Download Connecting Paragraphs for debates as a printable PDF Connecting paragraphs
That is why …. After all, …. The reason is that …. In that respect …. The result of this is that …. Another aspect/point is that …. It is because …. Although it is true that … it would be wrong to claim that …. That may sometimes be true, but ….
When you use essay connectors indicating the reason and cause in a sentence, two different clauses must be related to each other. As: I didn't come with you today, as I had been working hard for my exams for two days and I was tired. Because of: Because of the paper he saw, he felt unhappy, weak, and depressed all day.
Connectives used in and between sentences Connectives allow us to be more precise about the relationships between statements in a sentence or between sentences. Particular phrases and words serve different functions in connecting ideas and arguments.
1. First evidential support of your reason (known as confirmatio) 2. Second evidential support of your reason, then third, and so on. B. Summarize your first reason again and tie it together with evidential support. III. Second reason, etc. A. Continue to list your reasons in the same format as the first.
Argumentative Essays - Tips & Tricks. Read the topic carefully. Underline the main point of the topic (such as Politics). ... 'on the other hand'). The key is to make sure that your argument is "building" as you go. Use your connectives to help you take your reader with you so that they can follow your train of thought all the way ...
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3 Drafting: Write a rough draft of your essay. It helps to include any data and direct quotes as early as possible, especially with argumentative essays that often cite outside sources. 4 Revising: Polish your rough draft, optimize word choice, and restructure your arguments if necessary. Make sure your language is clear and appropriate for the ...
The Common Core State Standards (Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2010) feature argumentative writing across the curriculum in grades 4 through 12, yet little is known about how young adolescents develop the challenging advanced language and literacy skills needed for these tasks. This study explored productive academic language use in the persuasive writing of a sample of 40 middle ...
Cohesion in texts includes the use of connectives and conjunctions and more sophisticated texts effectively use a variety of referring words, substitutions, word associations and text connectives to improve the flow of the writing. It refers to the use of linguistic devices to join sentences together, including conjunctions, reference words ...
Persuasive / Opinion Essay Writing Resource Pack. by. Dr Phil's English Solutions. 5.0. (1) $4.50. Zip. This is a carefully-crafted resource pack for teaching persuasive / argumentative opinion writing. It consists of: 45-page workbook including worksheets on every step of the persuasive essay writing process.
The argumentative markers are discourse connectives, like but, even, because; operators like almost ; and quantifiers like few , a few, little, or a little . 2.2 Functions of Arguments
File previews. docx, 18.86 KB. pptx, 46.54 KB. Lesson Plan and outline: LO - to use a wider range of connectives in our writing.
Connectives (linking words) should be carefully chosen in persuasive writing to make sure your paragraphs are linked logically. Below is a table of persuasive writing sentence openers and connectives that you can use for primary level English: Private Online Tutoring of English using Zoom
Too often my students would use 'firstly, secondly, thirdly and finally' when writing an exposition or persuasive paragraph. Not anymore! I have made 3 posters to help start off each of their argument paragraphs: - Connectives for 1st Argument - Connectives for 2nd and 3rd Argument and, - Connectives for Concluding Paragraph
Cohesion in texts includes the use of connectives and conjunctions and more sophisticated texts effectively use a variety of referring words, substitutions, word associations and text connectives to improve the flow of the writing. It refers to the use of linguistic devices to join sentences together, including conjunctions, reference words ...
Here you will find the most common Argumentative Paragraph Writing CONNECTORS organized by topic sentence, supporting sentences and closing sentence. Enjoy!! ... Conjunctions (aka connectives, e.g. and, but, or, so, then) Argumentative Paragraph Writing CONNECTORS. rosand2001 2012-10-17 04:29:06. Downvote. 22. Upvote. Full screen. 7933 Downloads;
Linking words, connectives and conjunctions Game. FREE (22) ... Scaffold the structural components of a Persuasive Essay with this comprehensive pack of interactive notebook templates, posters, anchor charts, and graphic organisers. FOCUS OF SCAFFOLDED LESSONS ON: \* Lesson activities feature the sample text, Fast Food . ...